



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 


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SMITH’S FIRST BOOK IN GEOGRAPHY. 


AN 



DESIGNED FOR CHILDREN. 





ILLUSTRATED WITH 



AND TWENTY MAPS. 

TWENTY - FIFTH EDITION,— REVISED. 




BY ROSWELL C. SMITH, A.M 


NEW-YOHK: 

PUBLISHED BY DANIEL BURGESS CO. 



PHILADELPHIA: LTPPINCOTT, GRAMBO A CO. ; CINCINNATI: APPLEGATE & CO. ; 
AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES. 

1 8 6 5 . 


FROM THE COMMITTEE OF THE WARD SCHOOLS, A'EW-YORK. 

The Committee on Books of the W ard School Teachers’ Association respect- 
fully report — 

That they have examined “Smith’s First Book in Geography” with much 
care. They are satisfied that, of all the works upo7i this branch of science, this 
is the best. 

The author’s aim seems to have been, to make a simple, comprehensive, and 
useful treatise for beginners, and they think he has happily succeeded. 

The questions are judiciously arranged, and the answers give the general and 
important divisions of the globe, with the particular localities of all important 
places, together with a knowledge of the state of Society, habits and customs 

of the different races of men. 

* 

A scholar may obtain a good knowledge of Geography from this work, with 
much more ease than from many of the larger works now in use. 

Were it not for its size and its name, being ‘First Book,’ no other treatise 
would be necessary for advanced classes : the maps and plates are handsomely 
executed, and explain the lessons clearly. 

(Signed,) SENECA DURAND,* 

“ EDWD. M‘ILROY, 

“ JOHN WALSH. 

The Committee respectfully offer the following resolution : — 

Resolved, That Smith's First Book in Geography be adopted by this Associa- 
tion, and its icse recommended in all our schools. 

* Having used this Geography for several months in my school, with great success, I concur 
in the sentiment of the above report from actual experience ; in fact, I am delighted with the 
book. • S. DURAND. 


Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1846, by 
ROSIVELL C. SMITH, 

in the Clerk’s OflSce of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of 

New- York. 


Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1854, by 
ROSWELL C. SMITH, 

in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of 


SMITH’S 


PEIMARY GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON I. . 

LAND AND W A T E E . 

Q. What is Geography 

A. A description of the earth. 

Q. What do land and water form ? 

A. The surface of the earth. 

Q. W'hat part is land ? 

A. Only about one quarter. 

Q. What do the sun, moon, and stars form ? 

A. The heavens above us. 

Q. Wliat do the heavens and earth both form ? 

A. The universe, or the whole system of created things. 

Q. What do the works of creation plainly shov» 

A. The wisdom and goodness of the Creator. 

“ These are thy glorious works ! Parent of good ! 

Almighty ! thine this universal frame.” — Milton. 

‘ Ge-og'-ra-phy is from two Greek words : the earth,” and grapkb^ “ 1 writt*.” 



10 


GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON II. 


SPRINGS. 


Q. What is the place called "where water 
first issues from the earth ? 

A. It is called a Spring. 

Q. How are Springs formed ? 

A. By rain, dew, fog, vapor, &c. 

When water falls on high ground, it gene- 
rally sinks into the earth, and flows out again 
through crevices or holes; in this manner 
springs are formed. 

Q. What is the chief use of Springs ? 

A. To supply man and beast with water. 

Q. For what are some Springs celebrated ? 

A. For the improvement of health. 

Of this kind are the springs at Saratoga, in the State of New-V’ork, and the 
White Sulphur^ Springs in Virginia. 




Geyser, Iceland. 


Q. Is the water of Springs cold or hot ? 

A. Usually cold ; but of some it is boiling hot. 

Q. How high does the boiling water sometimes rise ? 

A. More than two hundred feet. 

From springs in Iceland, called Geysers, columns of boiling 
water rise suddenly with a loud noise like that of cannon, 
more than two hundred feet, or higher than the spires"^ of 
most churches. Food is cooked over them. 


^SuL-PIT^R. brimstone. 


* Spires, steeples. 


NATURAL DIVISIONS. 


11 


LESSON III. 


P. I T. I. S , li K O O K S , K I V E R 8 . 



Q. What small streams of water are farmed by springs ? 

A. Rills, Brooks, Rivulets, and Creeks. 

Q. What do brooks and rivulets form ? 

A. Tliey form larger streams of water, called Rivers. 

Q. What are the large branches of a river called ? 

A. They are also called Rivers : small branches, Creeks. 

Q. What is the place called, where a river rises or begins? 

A. Its source ; as, springs on high land, lakes, ponds, etc. 

Q. What is the direction in which a river runs called ? 

A. Tlie direction in which it runs is called its course. 

Q. What is the place called where it flows into another body of water ? 

A. It is called the outlet or mouth of the river. 

“ He seudeth the springs into the valleys, which run among the hills. Tliey 
give drink to every beast of the field.” 


12 


I 


GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON lY. 


CATARACTS, CASCADES, RAPIDS. 



Q. When large streams flow down precipices/ wliat do they forai ? 

A. They form Cataracts or Falls. 

The Cataract or Great Falls of Niagara, in New-York, is the grandest and 
most wonderful in the world. 

Q. When small streams flow down precipices, what do they form ? 

A. They form Cascades. ’ 

Q. YYhen the descent is gradual, like that of a hill, what do they form ? 

A. They form Eapids. 

As the Rapids of Niagara and St. Lawrence, two rivers between the United 
States and Canada. 

Q. For what are cascades and cataracts useful ? 

. A. In furnishing'^ water-power for mills. 


* Prkc'-i-pice, a steep descent. 


^ Fur'-nisu-ing, supplying, providing. 


NATUKAL DIVISIONS. 


12 


Hudson River, opposite the Palisades, or high rocks. 



In some rivers, sloops, and even large ships, sail for a great distance. In this 
manner, persons and produce^ are carried from one town or place to another, 
easily, cheaply, and quickly. 

Q. With what animals do rivers and most other waters abound ? 

A. With fish for the benefit of man. 

Q. How do the rivers benefit the surrounding country ? 

A. They beautify it and render it more fertile.^ 

Q. Into what do rivers usually flow ? 

A. They flow into the sea or ocean. 

The largest rivers in the world are the Amazon, in South America, and the 
Missouri and Mississippi, in North America. 

The Amazon, for instance, is more than four thousand miles long ; and, during 
its course, receives the waters of no less than three hundred tributaries® or streams, 
some of which are navigable^ for steamboats, sloops, and even the largest ships. 


* Prcd'-cce, that which is produced or made. ® Trib'-u-ta-ries, branches of a river. 

* Feb'-tiie, productive, yielding abundantly. * * Nav'-i-ga-ble, passable by vessels 


li 


GEOGRAPHY 


LESSON y. 


HAKES, PONDS, SWAMPS, ETC. 



Q. What does a Lake appear to be ? (See Lake Ontario above.) 

A. A Lake is a body of water surrounded by land. 

Q. What large rivers appear to be connected with Lake Ontario ? 

A. The rivers Niagara and St. Lawrence. 

Q. What do they form in connection with the lake ? 

A. The Niagara forms an inlet ; the St. Lawrence, an outlet. 

Because the Niagara flows into the lake, while the St. Lawrence flows out of 
it, and carries its waters into the Atlantic Ocean. 



Q. What are ponds ? 

A. Small lakes are called ponds. 

Q. When standing water is mixed with 
mud or earth, what does it form ? 

A. Marshes, bogs, and fens. 

Q. Are lakes very deep ? 

A. Some are so deep, that the 
largest ships can sail on them. 


N A T U K A L DIVISIONS. 


15 


LESSON YI. 


SEAS, GULFS, BAYS, COVES, nARBOKS, ETC.' 



Q. What is a Bay ? (See Picture.) 
A. A part of an ocean extend- 
ing slightly into the land. 

Q. What is a Gulf? (See Picture.) 

A. A part of an ocean extending considerably into the land. 

A Gulf generally swells out into a greater expanse^ than a Bay. 


Q. YYhat is a sea ? (See Picture.) 

A. A large part of an ocean, 
mostly surrounded by land. 

Salt lakes are often called seaSj as the 
Aral and Caspian seas in Asia. 

Q. What is an Island ? (See Picture.) 
A. A portion of land, entirely 
surrounded by water. 

Q. What is an Archipelago V 
A. That portion of an ocean 
that contains many islands. 


Q. What are small bays called ? 

A. Coves, ports, armlets, and sometimes creeks. 

Q. What is a small bay called, when it affords security for ships in storms ? 

A. It is called a Port, Haven, or Harbor. 

“ And God called the dry land earth, and the gathering together of the waters 
called he seas.” — Bible. 


^Etc., and so forth. ^ Ar-chi-pel-a-go, (Ar-ke-peL -la-go.) ®Ex-panse, widening. 


16 


GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON VII. 


STRAITS, CHANNELS, SOUNDS. 


Q. What is a Strait ? (See the Picture of a sea, strait, etc., page 15.) 

A. A narrow passage of water joining two larger portions. 

Q. A Channel resembles a strait ; what, then, is a Channel ? 

A. A Channel is a passage wider than a strait. (See Picture.) 

Q. When a wide and deep ditch is dug through a country, what is it called? 

A. It is called a Canal, when nearly filled with water. 



Canal Boat. 


Canal boats are drawn by horses 
passing along the banks. They form a 
cheap mode of conveying produce from 
one place to another. 

Q. What is a strait called that is 
shallow^ enough to be sounded ?' 

A. It is called a Sound. 

Q. How is the depth of water ex- 
pressed® ill sounding ? 

A. Usually in Fathoms. 


Q. What is a fathom ? 

A. The measure or distance of six feet. 


To explain the meaning of fathom, I have introduced the following line 

which is exactly one inch in length : — twelve such lines 

would make one fjot; twenty-four would make two feet, etc. 

Then six times twelve inches makes seventy-two inches or six feet, which 
is«the exact measure of one fathom. Or more familiarly, tall men are about six 
feet high ; but the tallest more than seven feet. 


* S HAL-LOW, small depth. ’ Sound-ed, measured. ® Ex-press-ed, represented. 


N A T TJ K A L DIVISIONS. 


17 


LESSON VIII, 


OCEANS. 



Q. What is the Sea or Ocean in its widest sense ? 

A. An immense expanse of water, suiTOunding every conti- 
nent, and covering three quarters of the earth’s surface. 

Q. To what depth has the ocean been sounded, or measured ?* 

A. Over five miles ; or about the height of the loftiest mountain. 

Q. Its five principal parts are also called oceans. — ^What are they ? 

A. The Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Northern, Southern. 

Q. How great a portion of the earth does the Pacific, the largest one, cover ? 

A. About one half ; reaching nearly half round the earth. 

Q. What are the names of the principal portions of water ? 

A. Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, Bays, Channels, Lakes, Rivers, 


* Some have calculated from the tides, that the Atlantic, in its middle parts, 
is more than nine miles deep, which would make the top of the Himmaleh or 
Himalaya mountains in Asia over fourteen miles above the lowest bed of the ocean. 




18 


GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON IX. 

MOUNTAINS, PLATNB. 



Volcano, with Lava running into the Sea. 


Q. Wliat are vast elevations of land called ? 

A. Mountains ; smaller ones are called Hills. 

Q. What is the height of the Himmaleh Mountains of Asia ? 

A. Over five miles ; being the loftiest in the world. 

Q. What is a Y olcano ; as, Mt. Y esuvius, in the South of Europe ? 

A. A mountain that emits smoke, flame, lava,”^ etc. 

Q. What is the opening, through which this matter passes, called ? 

A. It is* called the crater or mouth of the V olcano. 

Yolcanoes sometimes destroy whole cities, with their inhabitants. 

Q. What is a Y alley ; as the Great Mississippi Y alley ? 

A. A basin, or low land between hills or mountains. 


^ A melted mass of matter, so intensely hot that it will melt stones ; hard and 
brittle when cold ; and sometimes resembles brimstone in the roll. 



NATURAL DIVISIONS. 


19 


Q. What is a Plain'; as, our Western Prairies? 

A. A Plain is an extensive level tract of land. 

Plains covered with grass only, are called savannahs ov prairies in N. America ; 
pampas or llanos (lya'-noce) in S. America ; and step-pes in other parts of the world. 

Q, What are grassy plains called ? (See Remark.) What is a Desert ? 

A. A Desert is a very sandy plain, alike destitute of water 
and plants ; except a few fertile spots called Oases. 

Q. What is the extent of the Sahara, or the Great Desert of Africa ? 

A. The largest in the world, being three thousand miles long, 
and one thousand wide. 



A Carayan overtaken by a storm of sand in the Desert. 


People traverse these dreary and barren wastes in large companies or cara- 
vans; and, not imfrequently, perish for want of water, or are overwhelmed 
with the clouds of sand, so common in those parched regions. 



20 


GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON X. 

PENINSULAS, CAPES, CONTINENTS. 

Q. Wliat is a Peninsula ? 

A. A portion of land, nearly 
surrounded by Avater. 

Q. What is a Cape ? 

A. A point of land extending 
into the sea or ocean. 

Q. What is a Promontory ? 

A. A high point of land extend- 
ing into the sea. 

Q. What is an Isthmus ? 

A. A neck of land that connects 
two 

An Isthmus may connect two continents 
or two divisions of the same continent. 

Q. What is a Continent ; as, the Continent of America ? 

A. A vast extent of land not separated by water. 

Q. What is a Coast ; as, the Atlantic and African Coasts ? 

A. The edge of land, bordering on the sea or ocean. 

Q. What appear to be the principal divisions of land ? 

A. Continents, Islands, Peninsulas, Capes, Isthmuses, Pro- 
montories, Mountains, Shores, Coasts, etc. 

The foregoing are called Natural Divisions, because they exist in nature. 
Towns, states, etc., are called Political Divisions, because they are established 
by man for the purposes of government 


larger bodies of land. 



NATURAL DIVISIONS 


21 


LESSON XL 


K X P O K T S AND IMPORTS. 



Q. What furnish the most general occupations of mankind ? 

A. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce or trade. 


Q. What are the chief productions of a country called in commerce ? 

A. Staple commodities ; as, the cotton of Georgia. 

Q. What are commodities called when carried out of a country ? 

A. Exports ; but when brought into a country. Imports, 

Q. What are some of our principal exports and imports ? 

A. Exports ; cotton, tobacco, etc. Imports ; teas, silks, etc. 


22 


GEOGEAPHY. 


LESSON XII. 


CAKDINAL POINTS, MAPS. 

Q. Where does the sun appear to rise ? 

A. In the East, and to set in the West. 

The earth moves instead of the sun. (See page 25. ) 

Q. When you stand with your right hand to- 
wards the East, and your left towards the West, 
what courses will the face and back show ? 

A. The face will show the North, and 
the back, the South. 

In dark days and nights when we cannot see 
the sun, especially at sea, we employ an instrument called the Mariner’s Com- 
pass to point out the different coumes. It is so called, because it is used, prin- 
cipally, by mariners or seamen. 

Q. What are the principal Courses or Cardinal Points of the Compass ? 

A. They are called East, West, North, South. 

Q. What letters usually stand for these points ? 

A. E. for East ; W. for West; K. for North ; S. for South. 

Q. What is a Map ; as, the map of the United States ? 

A. It is a picture of the earth’s surface, or any part of it. 

Q. On what are maps usually drawn ? 

A. On paper or any plane or level surface. 

Q. What part of the map is East and W est ? 

A. Towards the right hand is East ; towards the left. West. 

Q. AVhich part of the map is North and South ? 

A. Towards tlie top is North, and towards the bottom Soutli. 




MAP OF LAND AND AVATEK TOGETHER. 2B 


LESSON XIII. 



What Continent do you find on the above map ? The American Continent. 
What is a continent ? See Lesson X. What oceans on the east and west of the 
continent? Ac. Pc. [for Atlantic and Pacific.] What is an ocean? Lesson VIII. 

What cape at theS. point of the continent? C-Hn. What is a cape ? Lessor- 
X. What river, that runs into the Atlantic? An. What is a river? Lesson III. 

What mountains, on the western coast, extending towards Cape Horn? As. 
What is a mountain ? Lesson IX. What volcano is there? Ci. What is a vol- 
cano? Lesson IX. What isthmus is there ? Dn. Wliat is an isthmus ? Lesson X, 
What sea, east of the isthmus? Cn. What is a sea ? Lesson VI. What island, 
in or near it ? Ca. What is an island ? Lesson VI. What gulf, west of the island ? 
Mo. What is a gulf? Lesson VI. What peninsula, we.st oftte gulf? Ca. What is 
a peninsula? Lesson X. What bay, in the north ? Hs. What is a bay? Lesson VI. 

What lake, south of the ba\ ? Sr. What is a lake ? Lesson V. What strait, 
east of the bay ? Ds. What is a strait ? Lesson V II. What strait, between Amer- 
ica and Asia, on the northwest? Bs. What sound, south of the last strait? Na. 



24 


G E O G K A P H Y 


LESSON XIV. 


DAY AND NIGHT* 



Tiie shape of the Eartli, fcsun, Moon, Stars, &c, 


Q. What is the earth generally called, in reference to its shape ? 

A. A sphere or globe ; but is in form more like an orange. 

Q. What causes clay? 

A. The sliinino; of the sun on the earth. 

O 

Q. AVhat causes night ? 

A. The absence of the sun’s liglit. 



NATURAL DIVISIONS. 


25 


That the earth is round appears from its having been repeatedly sailed around. 
The picture of a globe and candle below shows that the sun shines only on one 
half of the earth at once, and leaves the other half in darkness. 


Q. But why do we have both day and night every twenty-four hours ? 

A. Because the earth turns completely round in that time. 

The same side is therefore 
both towards the sun, and 
away from it^ every twen- 
ty-four hours. 

ji Q. What is that line 
called on which the earth 
;j| is supposed to turn ? 

|j A. The axis of the 
earth, which passes 
through its centre 
from N. to S. 

The axle-tree of a wagon 
is the axis on which the 

A small globe and lighted lamp. wheel turns. 



Q. What is the northern extremity of the axis called ? 

A. The North Pole ; and the southern, the South Pole. 

Q. Which way does the earth turn in its daily rotation ? 

A. From W. to E. ; whirling like a top, or wheel on its axle. 

Q. What apparent motion of the sun does the earth’s rotation cause ? 

A. It causes the sun to appear to move from East to West. 

As in travelling very fast in railway cars — we seem not to move, but fences, 
trees, tfeo., appear to flit by us in an opposite direction. 

Q. What benefit do the roundness and rotation of the earth afford us ? 

A. The day for labor, and the night for rest. 


26 


G E O G R A F II r . 


LESSON xy. 


CIRCUMFERENCE, DIAMETER. 


Q. What is the greatest distance round the earth, or 
any other round bcdy, called? C-e. (See Picture.) 
What is the length of the earth’s circumference ? 

A. Xot quite twenty-five thousand miles. 

The earth’s circumference is so great, that, could a per- 
son travel over that distance, at the rate of thirty miles a 
day, it would take him more than two years to accomplish it. 

Q. Wlmt is the earth s circumference from W. to E. on maps, called ? 

A. The Equator, and is equally distant from the Poles. 

Q. What is the greatest distance through the earth, or any other round body, 
called? D-r. (See Picture.) When it runs N. and S. through the earth, 
what imaginary line does it answer to ? Ans. The earth’s axis. What is 
the length of the earth s diameter ? 

A. Not quite eight thousand miles. 

Q. How much smaller is the earth (large as it seems) than the sun ? 

A. More than one million and one quarter times ! 

Q. How are the earth, the sun, and “ all yon orbs,” upheld ? 

A. By the same All-Perfect Hand that created them in 
the beginning.”* 



“ He hangeth the earth on nothing.” — Bible. ’Twas He — 

“ Wlio b’d brute matter’s restive lump assume 
Such various forms, and gave It wings to fly.” — Young. 


% 


The Earth :s not a perfect sphere, but an oblate spheroid, an oraiige-shaj^ed 
ball, flattened at the poles and enlarged at the equator ; which of course makes 
its diameters unequal. This difference, together with the cen-trip’-e-tal (‘ centre- 
seeking’) and cen-trif '-u-gal (‘ certre-flylng’) forces, which cause all revolving 
bodies to describe their respective orbits, is not considered in this work. 


P 


NATURAL DIVISIONS 


27 


LESS0i\ XVI. 


HEMISPHERES. 



Q. Of what is the word “ hemisphere ” composed ? 

A. Of and sphere^ ‘^any round body;’' as, a 

globe or ball. 

Q. What, then, is the meaning of the word Hemisphere ? 

A. Half of a globe, or half of any round body. 

Q. When applied to the earth, what does it mean ? 

A. It means half of the earth. 

Q. When the earth is divided through the centre, in a northerly and south- 
erly direction, what are the halves called ? 

A. They are called the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. 

Q. When the earth is divided through the centre in an easterly and 'westerly 
direction, what is the northern half called ? 

A. The northern half is called the Northern Hemispliere. 


28 


GEOGRAPHY 


Q What is the southern half called ? 

A. Tlie southern half is called the Southern Hemisphere. 

Q How many hemispheres do there appear to be ? 

A. Two ; the Eastern and Western, or the Northern and 
Southern Hemispheres. ^ 



Q. What great continent is on the W^esterii Hemisphere ? 

A. The continent of America. 

Q. How is it divided ? 

A. It is divided into North and South America. 

Q. What continent on the Eastern Hemisphere ? 

A. The Eastern Continent. 

Q. How is it divided ? 

A. It is divided into Europe, Asia, and Africa. 

Q. WHiat other large portion of land is sometimes called a continent ? 
A. The Island of Australia or New Holland. 

Q. In which hemisphere is it ? 

A. It is in the Southern or the Eastern Hemisphere. 


N A T U 11 A I. I V I S I O N S . 


29 


T II E W O K K S OF C K E A T I O X . " 

The earth, the firmament on higli, 
With all the blue, etherear sky,” 

Were made by God's creative power 
Six thousand years ago or more, 

M^n, too, was formed to till the ground, 
Birds, beasts, and fish, to move around ; 
The fish to swim, the birds to fly, 

And all to praise the Lord Most High. 
This world is round, wise men declare, 
And ‘^hung on nothing” in the air. 

The Moon around the Earth doth run ; 
The Earth and Moon around the Sun. 
The Earth moves on its centre, too. 

As wheels, and tops, and pulleys do ; 
Water and land make up the whole. 
From east to west, from Pole to Pole. 
Vast mountains rear their lofty heads ; 
Pivers roll down their sandy beds ; 
Wide lakes expand^ among the trees ; 
Great islands rise above the seas ; 
Peninsulas and Capes project;^ 

Straits, Channels, Isthmuses connect ; 
While all in harmony combine. 

To praise Almighty Power Divine. 


* This wilt be found an admirable exercise for impressing tlie princi})les ot 
Geography on the recollection of the learner; although introduced more par- 
ticularly, for the purpose of convenience in the arrangement of the maps. 

* E-tuk'-re-al, clear, pure. ^ Ex-pand', spread out. ® Pro-ject', extend, stretch out. 




30 


GEOGRAPHY 


MAP OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 






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* xsortli America is about two and a half times as large as the Unitea Steteis : 


Soii^^h America about two times. 


MAP OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 31 


LESSON XYII. 

Wliat grand division lies in the northern part of the Western Hemisphere? 
N-xVa. What grand division in the southern part ? S-Aa. What ocean lies on 
the east of America ? Ac. What on the west ? Pc. 

What ocean occupies the southern part of this hemisphere ? Sn. What one, 
the northern part ? Nn. What grand division comprises most of the islands of the 
Pacific ? Oceanica. Which are the principal islands of Oceanica on this map ? 
Sh. C-Ao. Fy. Ns. Ms. N-Ca. N-Zd. What is the most southern point of South 
America called ? C-Hn. On what island is it? Plermite island below T-d-Fo. 

From whom are most of the names in South America derived ? From the Span- 
iards, the first settlers. What does ‘‘Terra del Fuego” mean in English ? “ The land 
of fire,” from the Spanish “ tierra or “ terra, land ; “ dcl,'^ of; and ^‘fuego,^^ fire. 

Why was the island so called ? From the numerous fires on its coast. What 
islands south of Terra del Fuego ? S-Sd. For what are they often visited? For 
seals. What is the most eastern cape of S. America ? S-Re. NYhat rivers in 
this division ? An. R-d-l-Pa. 

What does “Rio de la Plata” mean? The river of silver, from the Spanish, 
“ rio,” river, and “ de la plata,""’ of the silver. Why did it receive this name ? 
From the abundance of silver found on its banks by Sebastian Cabot, who sailed 
up it a great distance. 

Where do both the Amazon and Plata flow ? Ac. Which runs mostly in a 
southerly direction? R-d-l-Pa. How long is the Amazon? More than four 
thousand miles. How wide at its mouth ? About one hundred and eighty miles. 

What islands between North and South America? W-Is. What one is on the 
map? Ca. What islands east of North America? As. Bs. N-Fd. Id. Gd. 

What bays near Greenland ? Bs. Hs. Which is the most northerly ? Bs. What 
island north of New Zealand ? N-Ca. What two northeast of the last ? Ns. Fv. 

Why were the Friendly Isles so called? From the kind feeling of the natives 
towards one another and towards strangers. What islands nearly norih of the 
Sandwich Islands? An. What strait near these islands? Bs. What does it 
separate ? Aa. and N-a. 

How wide is the Pacific Ocean ? (See corner of map. ) How wide is the Atlantic ? 
H3W many people in North America ? (See corner of map.) In South America ? 

What isthmus joins North and South America? Dn. What island on the west 
coast of South America? J-Fz. For what is Juan Fernandez celebrated ? As the 
residence of Alexander Selkirk. What interesting book for children did his story 
give rise to ? The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, written by Daniel De Foe. 




32 


GEOGRAPHY 


MAP OP THE E AS TEEN HEMISPHERE. 






Ae\ev-u^'^ ^ i <(} O C E A ).V 


r ‘ 7^"- - ' '/" 

^ — P f c 

^ c* aj /[roP)o7HU‘(T^ I G 

d— S— k-r-i 



^-\f '^Madafflscnr | ^ — — :vV-^.fe,. 

uf G 0 0 dll’<|p e 

iV 






BUTLER. Sc. ROBERTS. NY. 


* Europe is about oue and a sixth times as large as the United States : Asia 
fiv'e times, and Africa four times. 




33 


MAP OF THE EASTEEN HEMISPIIEEE. 


LESSON XYIII. 


AYhat two grand divisions in the north of the Eastern Hemisphere ? Ee. Aa. 
What one south of Europe ? Aa. What grand division lies partly in this Hem- 
isphere ? Oceanica. What island or continent in the south of it ? Aa or N-Hd, 

What island south of Australia? Y-D-Ld. What islands north of Australia 
in Oceanica? N-Ga. Bo. Pe. What islands west and south of Borneo? Sa. Ja. 
What sea south of Asia? An. What ocean? In. 

What sea between Africa and Asia ? Rd. What one between Africa and 
Europe ? Mn. What between Europe and Asia ? Bk. What ocean on the east 
of this Hemisphere ? Pc. What one on the west ? Ac. 

What ocean on the north ? Nn. What one on the south ? Sn. What newly 
discovered continent there ? Antarctic. What island east of Africa? Mr. In 
what ocean is it? In. What island south of India in Asia ? Sa. 

What sea in the north of Europe ? Be. What one on the south ? Mn. What 
one in the west of Asia ? Cn. What ocean lies west of Europe and Africa, and 
east of America? Ac. (See maps of both Hemispheres.) 

What isles are situated west of Europe ? Bh-Is. What ones are on the east of 
Asia? Jn. What desert in Africa ? G-Bt. What cape at the southern point? G-He. 

What island near the west coast of Africa? S-IIa. For what is St. Helena 
celebrated? As the place of banishment, death, and first burial of Napoleon 
Bonaparte. Where has he since been entombed ? In Paris, with great pomp. 

What grand divisions lie east of the Pacific and west of the Atlantic? N-Aa. 
S-Aa. (See p. 80.) What between Asja and America in the Pacific? Oceanica. 

Which grand division is east of North America ? Ee. (See both maps.) Which 
one is east of South America? Aa. Which, west from Africa ? S-Aa. 

What is the width of the Indian Ocean ? (See corner of map.) How many 
inhabitants in Europe ? How many in Asia ? In Africa ? 

What strait separates the Western from the Eastern Continent? Bherings. 
(See p. 30.) How wide is it ? About thirty-six miles. 

• What islands lie on the Equator ? Bo. Sa. What ones south of it in this Hemi- 
sphere? N-Ga. Ja. N-Hd. Y-D-Ld. K-Ld. Mr. S-Ha. What ones north of it? Pe. Jn. 
To whom does New Holland belong? To the English. What is the principal 
use they formerly made of it ? Asa place of banishment for their criminals ; who 
are said “ to be sent to Botany Bay,” so called from the plants on its shores. 

2 * 


34 


GEOGRAPHY 


LESSON XIX. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS TOWNS, STATES, ETC. 



Freemen’s Meeting. 

Q. What is a Village ? 

A. A Village is a small collection of houses and inhabitants. 


Q. What is a Town ? 

A. A Town is a larger collection of houses and inhabitants. 
Q. What is a City in a general sense ? 

A. A large Town ; but in a strict sense, it is a town tliat is 
incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen. 
i Q. What is a County ? 

A. A County is a union of several towns or townships. 

The town where the courts are held, is called the County-town or .shire-towiu 
It has usually a court-house and jail. 





\ 


POLITICAL DIVISIONS. 35 

Q. What is a State ; as, the States of Virginia and New-York ? 

A. A State is the union of several counties. 

Q. What is the town called where the laws are made ? 

A. The Capital of the State or Country. 

The building in which the laws are made is the Capitol or State Housa 
Q. By whom are the laws made ? 

A. By Representatives^, chosen by the people. 

Q. What do they form, when assembled in one body ? • 

A. The Legislature^ of the State. 

Q. Who are bound to see that the laws are executed or obeyed ? 

A. The Governor of the State and other executive^ oflicei’s. 


LESSON XX. 

POLITICAL DIVISIONS UNITED STATES. 

Q. What is meant by the United States ? 

A. A union of all the separate states. 

Q. XVhat is the Government of the United States? 

A. A Republic or Commonwealth. 

Q. What kind of government is a Eepublic ? 

A. One in which the rulers are chosen by the people, and the 
laws made by tlieir representatives. 

Q. What is the chief olficer styled ? 

A. President ; as, the President of the United States. 

Q. What is that government called, in wdiich the people have no voice in 
electing their rulei’S ? 

A. A Monarchy ; and the country, a Kingdom or Empire. 

* Rep-re-sen'-ta-tives, (Rep-pre-zen'-ta-tives.) ^ Leg'-is-la-ture, (LedgcMs- 
la-chiire. ) " Ex-ec'-u-tive, having power to enforce the laws. 


36 


G K O G E A P II Y 


An Empire usually embraces a larger extent of country than a Kingdom. 

Q. AVliat are chief rulers of such governments called ? 

A. liings. Emperors, Monarclis, Sovereigns, Princes, &c. 



A Despot giving 


When the power of the ruler is restricted by laws, it is called a Limited Mon- 
archy ; when it is not so limited, it is called an Absolute Monarchy. If an Ab- 
solute Monarch abuse his power, he is called a Despot. 

Q. Why is our country often extolled as the best and happiest on earth ? 

A. Because it is a free country. 

Q. What do. the Representatives from all the states in our Union form? 

A. Tliey form the Congress of the United States. 

Congress, like the State Legislatures, is composed of a Senate and a House of 
Representatives ; and all laws must first be passed by them, before receiving 
the signature of the President. 


I 



POLITICAL divisions. 


3T 


LESSOB XXI. 

r RESIDENTS OF THE EHITED STATES. 

Q. Who was the first President ; frona 
what State ; and how long in office ? 

A. George Washington of Yir- 

ginia, eight years in office 

Q. Who was the second, etc. ? 

A. John Adams of Massachu- 
setts, four years in office. 

Q. Who was the third, etc. ? 

A. Thomas Jefferson of Vir- 
ginia, eight years in office. 

Q. Who was the fourth, etc. ? 

A. James Madison of Virginia, 
eight years in office. 

Washington. Who was the fifth, etc. ? 

A. James Monroe of Virginia, eight years in office. 

Q. Who was the sixth, etc. ? 

A. John Q. Adams of Massachusetts, four years in office. 




Adams. 


Jefferson. 


Madison. 


Monroe. John Q. Adams, 


,38 


GEOQBAPllX. 


m 


Q. Who was the seventh, etc. ? 

A. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, eight years in office. 

Q. Who was the eighth, etc. ? 

A. Martin Van Buren of I^ew York, four years in office. 

Q. Who was the ninth, etc. ? 

A. William Henry Harrison of Ohio, one month in office. 

Q. Who was the tenth, etc. ? 

A. John Tyler of Virginia, four years in office. 

Q. Who was the eleventh, etc. ? 

A. James K. Polk of Tennessee, four years in office. 

Q. Who was the twelfth, etc. ? 

A. Zachary Taylor of Louisiana, 16 months in office. 

Q. Who was the thirteenth, etc. ? 

A. Millard Fillmore of Hew York. 

Q. Who was the fourteenth, etc. ? 

A. Frank. Pierce of Hew Hampshire, now in office. 


I 

< 

I 

1 



Jackson. Van Buren. Harrison. Tyler. Polk. 

Q. AVhen does the Presidential term commence, and how long continue? 

A. On the fourth of March, and continues four years. 

Some have been re-elected for a second term of four years, but none for a third. 


SUCCESSION OE THE PRESIDENTS. 


Eirst 'Washington, the chieftain, -who conquered our foe. 
Then Adams, Jefferson, after Madison, Monroe, 

Next, Adams the younger, late counselling the nation. 
Then Jackson — Van Buren, fill the President’s station , 
Next Harrison, Tyler, Polk, Taylor, Eillmore : all past. 
To make room for Erank. Pierce, who presides as the last. 


GENERAL WASHINGTON 


39 


LESSON XXII. 


CHARACTER OF GENERAL WASHINGTON. 



The Capitol at Washington, District of Columbia. 


Q. Where does our Congress meet ? 

A. At Washington, the Capital of the United States. 

The building in which the Congress meets is called the CapitoL 
Q. From whom did the Capital of the nation receive its name ? 

A. From Gen. George Washington, the first President. 

Q. When and where was W ashington born ? 

A. February 22d', 1732’, in Westmoreland county, Virginia. 

Q. Who was his father ? 

A. Augustus Washington, who died when his son was only 
ten years old. 

Q. For what was Washington early distinguished? 

A. For always telling the truth. 


* Twenty-second, 


* Seventeen hundred and thirty -two, 


40 


GEOGRAPHY 


Q. What traits or peculiarities of character distinguished him in after life? 
A. Great prudence and bravery in war ; and wisdom and 
moderation in time of peace. 

Q. What office did he hold in our struggle for Independence? 

A. He was Commander-in-Chief of the American army. 

Q. AVhere and when did he die ? 

A. At Mount Vernon, Dec. 14tld, 1799^, aged 68^ years. 

Q. How is he regarded by his countrymen ? 

A. As the Father of his Country ; ^Hhe first in war ; the first 
in peace ; and the first in the hearts of his countrymen.” 



The Mansion House of Washington. 

Mount Yernon, the seat of the late Gen. George Washington, is situated in 
Fairfax county, Virginia, sixteen miles below Washington City. 

His remains^ are interred® there, and the mansion house and grounds belong 
to a branch of the family. 

' — • 

* Fourteenth. ^ Seventeen hundred and ninety-nine. ® Sixty-eight. 

* Re-mains', relics, dead body. ® In-ter'-red, buried, put under ground. 


QUESTIONS ON THE MAP. 


41 


LESSON XXIII. 

8EE MAPS OP' THE EASTERN AND WESTERN HEMISPHERES, PAGES 30 AND 32. 



The President’s House at Washington. 


In what town do you live? In what countj: ? In what state? In what great 
Political Division? U-Ss. In what errand division is it? K-Aa. On what con- 
tineut ? American. On what hemisphere ? W n. 

What ocean lies north of North America? Nn. (See map, p. 30.) What 
ocean east of it? Ac. What grand division south of it? S-Aa. What ocean 
west of it? Pc. What isthmus connects the two grand divisions? Dn. 

To tell in this manner^ what water or land lies next to any country, is called 
bounding it; in doing which it is convenient to observe the folloiuing order : 

First North : next East: then South : lastty West. 

Will you bound again North America? North America is bounded north by 
the N-On. : east by the Ac. : south by S-Aa. : and west by the Pc. 

What strait separates N. America from Asia? Bs. What oceans does the 
strait connect? Pc. Nn. What ocean S. of S. America? Sn. How is South 
America bounded ? N-a. : Ac.: S-On. : Pc. (For the next answers see p. 32.) 

Bound Burope? N-On. Aa. Aa. Ac. What sea separates it from Africa? Mn. 
Bound Africa? Ee.: Aa. h I-On. : S-On. : Ac. What sea between it and Asia ? 
Rd. Bound Asia? N-On. Pc. I-On. Ee. What sea between Asia and Europe ? Bk. 


43 


GEOGKAPHY. 


LESSON XXIY. 


THE PEOPLE ON THE EARTH. 



Q. Who were the first inhabitants on earth ? 

A. Adam and Eve, the parents of the whole human famiiv. 

Q. Where did God, their Creator, locate them ? 

A. In the garden of Eden, called Paradise. 

Q. In what part of Asia is Eden supposed to have been ? 

A. In the S. W. ; near the rivers Tigris and Enphrates, 

Q. How many inhabitants are now supposed to be on the earth ? 

A. About tea hundred millions. 

Q. How many are supposed to die and to be born every minute 2 

A. About fifty-eight, or nearly one every second. 

Q. How do people of different countries mostly differ? 

A. In their features and color. 




OF THE PEOPLE ON THE EAETH 


43 


Q. In what other respects do tliey differ ? (See back cover of this book.) 

A. In their language, government, religion, dress, &c. 

Q. Name some people, or nation, that are white ? 

A. The Europeans, from whom we are descended. 

Q. Name some that are of a deep copper color, or nearly red ? 

A. The Indians of North America. 

Q. Name some that are black? 

A. The African or Negro race. 

Q. Name others of a yellowish or brownish color ? 

A. The Chinese are yellowish ; the M alays, bro^vn. • 



Chinese Opium Smoker. 

“ God made of one blood all nations of men, for to dwell on the face of all 
the earth.” — Bihle, 


44 


GEOGKAPHT. 


LESSON XXV. 

RELIGION. 



Pa"an Worship. 

Q. What is Religion ? 

A. A system of faith and worship. 

Q. When worship is offered to the sun, ♦“moon, stars, and other objects, wliat 
is it called ? 

A. It is called idolatry, or false worship. 

Q. VYhat are the principal religions in the world ? 

A. Pagan, Maliometan, Jewish, and Christian. 

Q. Who are the Pagans ? 

A. Those wlio worship idols. 

Q. Who are XIahometans ? 

A. Those who believe in Mahomet, an impostor. 

Q. Who are the Jews? 

A. Tliose who believe in God, bnt reject Christ.* 


* They expect a Saviour yet to come. 


KELIGION 


45 


Q. Who are Christians ? 

A. Those who believe in God and Christ the Saviour. 


Q. What are the three grand classes of Christians ? 

A. Catholics, Greeks, and Protestants. 


Q. Wliat is the number of Pagans ? 

A. About six hundred and sixteen millions. 



Temple of Buddha, Canton, China. 


Q. What is the number of Christians ? 

A. About two hundred and sixty millions. 

Q. What is the number of Mahometans ? 

A. About one hundred and twenty millions. 

Q. What is the number of Jews? 

A. About four millions. 



O E O G K A P II Y 


40 



THE CREATION, DELUGE, BIRTH OF OtlR SAVIOUR. 



Ancient Egyptian Chariot. 


Q. When was the world created ? 

A. Nearly six thousand years ago. 

The creation of the world (reckoning up to A.D. 1854^) took place 6,858* yeara 
ago. 

Q. When did the Deluge happen ? 

A. A little more than four thousand years ago. 

Q. How many years after the creation did it occur ? 

A. A little more than sixteen hundred and fifty. 

* Eighteen hundred and fifty-four. * Five thousand eight hundred and fifty -eight. 


OKEATION. 


47 


This remarkable event occuiTed 1,656^ years after the creation, or 4,2< 
prior to A.D. 1854; it began Dec. 7th, and continued 377 days. 

Q. Who were saved from being destroyed by the deluge ? 

A. Noah and his family, consisting of eight persons in all. 

Q. Wiiere did the ark rest after the flood ? 

A. On the top of Mount Ararat in Asia. 

Q. How long was it from the creation to the appearance of our Saviour ? 

A. Four thousand and four years. 

Q. What letters are usually placed before a date, to show that the time is 
reckoned from the creation ? 

A. A. M., for Anna' Mundi% “ in the year of the world.’’ 

Q. From what event do we now reckon dates or time ? 

A. From the birth of our Saviour, Jesus Clirist. 



Christian 'Worship. 


Q What letters do w^e use to show this event ? 

A. A. D., for A 71710 Domini^ ^ in the year of our Lord.’' 



*One thousand six hundred and fifty -six. ^ Four thousand two hundred and two. 
® A.v-no, in the year. Mun-di, of tlie world. ® Dom-i-ni, of the Lord. 


48 


GEOGEAPIIY 


LESSON XXY’II. 

A M E K I C A . 



The house in which Columbus was born, at Genoa, in Italy. 


1. America, often called the New World, was first made 
known to European nations by Christopher Columbus, a 
Genoese, in the fifteenth century, or A.D. 1492', just three 

hundred and sixty-two years prior to A.D. 1854x 

« 

XXYII. What is America often called ? 1. When was it first discovered 
or made known ? 1. How many years since ? 1 

^ Fourteen hundred and ninety-two. ^ Eighteen hundred and fifty-four. 


t 




AMERICA. 


49 


2. The voyagers who made the earliest discoveries, were 
Christopher Columbus^ Sebastian Cabot, and Amerigo Ves- 
pucci. 

3. The New Continent was named after Amerigo Vespucci, 
although the honor properly belonged to Columbus, who was 
the first discoverer^ 

4. America was found in possession of a race of men, mostly 
barbarous^, who are called Eed men or Indians. 

6. The Mexicans and Peruvians had established remilar 
forms of government, and had become partially^ civilized. 

6. America was immediately seized upon by various Euro- 
pean nations, the chief of which were the Spaniards, Englisli, 
and French. 

7. The Spaniards took possession of Mexico, Guatimala\ 


Who made the earliest discoveries ? 2. From whom did America receive 
its name ? 3. To whom, as the first discoverer, did that honor properly be- 
long? 3. 

What race of men was found in possession of America ? 4. Were they 
barbarous or civilized ? 4. 

What tribes had established regular forms of government ? 5. What 
was their character in respect to civilization ? 5. Who took possession of 
America ? 6. 

Which part of America was taken possession of by the Spaniards ? 7. 


^ Dis-cov'-er-er, one who finds, shows, or reveals. in part. 

2 Bar'-bar-ous, rude, uncivilized, ignorant ^ Gua-ti-ma-la, (Gau-te-ma'-la. 


3 


50 


O E <) O K A 1> H Y . 



iMiegians, or natives of Terra del Fuego, an island near the southern part of this continent. 
They are of a brown complexion, paint themselves, and wear only a seal-skin on their backs. 


and South America ; the English, of the United States ; and 
the French, of Canada. 

8. The features^ of America are on the grandest scale : 
rivers, the largest in the world ; lakes, like seas ; and vast 
ranges of mountains, containing the most sublime^ sceneiy\ 

9. America is divided into Uorfh and South America, 


Which, by the English ? 7. Which, by the French ? 7. 

What is said concerning the features of America ? 8. What, of its rivers ? 8. 

What, of its lakes? 8. AVhat, of its mountains? 8. How is America 
divided ? 9. 


* Fea-tures, lineaments, cast of the face. 
3 Sck'-ne-ry, surface, aspect. 


2 Sub-lime', grand, imposing. 



AMERICA. 


51 


and contains about fifty-five millions of inhabitantSj consisting 
of Whites, Negroes, and Indians. 



Fuegian Female. 


10. Tlie Indians^ still occu- 
py a great portion of the con- 
tinent. 

11. They are of an olive 
complexion ; tall, straight and 
robust ; kind to strangers, 
faithful to friends, but cruel 
and implacable^ to enemies. 

12. The line between Nortli 
and South America, crosses 
the Isthmus of Darien^ or Pan- 
a-ma', a little north of the 
ecpiator. 


What is the number of inhabitants in America ? 9. Of what do they con- 
sist ? 9. Which class still occupies a great portion? 10. Describe them. 11. 
Where does the line which divides America cross ? 12. 


* Many opinions have been formed as to the origin of the Indians in this 
country. By some, they are supposed to have crossed Bhering Straits from 
Asia, a distance of only thirty-six miles, either in their canoes, or in the winter 
on the ice. Either mode was practicable, as the natives often sail beyond that 
distance in the open sea ; beside, a passage on the ice in winter, is both safe 
and easy. From tlie best accounts we have, it is probable that the JS’ew World 
has not been inhabited more than twelve hundred years. 


1 Ind'-yans. 2 Im-pla'cable, not to be appeased or pleased, malicious. * Da'-re-en, 


52 


GEOGRAPHY 


MAP OF NORTH AMERICA 



L.lVTfL'OiiLGreeiivvicli 157 / 






s- 1 


?ioXm^WIfrroiQ|w ashiugton ip 


■Tis of Darien 




MAP OF N O E T H A M E E I C A . 


53 


LESSON XXVIII. 

AVliat division lies nearly in the middle of JLorth America? TJ-Ss. What, 
north of the United States? B-Aa. 

What division in the northeast? Gd. What, in the northwest? E-^-Ps. What 
two, in the south ? Mo. and Ga. What peninsula north of Guatimala^? X'n^ 

What are the divisions of North America? U-Ss. B-Aa. Gd. R-Ps. XIo. Ga. 

Their capitals? Wn. of U-Ss., Qc. of B-Aa. (see p. 58,) XIo. of XIo., S-Sr. of Ga. 

What bounds the United States on the north? B-Aa. What, on the east? 

Ac. What, on the south? XIo. and G. of Mo. What, on the west? Pc. 

What nmuntains in the northwest of North America ? Ry. What, in Xlexico ? 

Cs. What, in the United States? Ay. 

Which are the three largest rivers in the United States? Xli. Xli. R-d-Ne. Where 
does the first flow? G. of XIo. Where, the second ? Xli. XVhere, the last? G. ofXIo. 

What territories on the west were formerly claimed both by Great Britain 
and the United States? On. and Washington. What islands on the coast N. 
of them? K-Gs. Q-Cs. Vs. 

Which is the only important river in Oregon ? Ca. What cluster of islands 
lies between North and South America on the east? XV-Is. 

Which of these islands is the largest ? Ca. What sea lies south of Cuba ? 

Cn. What gulf and peninsula on the west of Xlexico ? G-of-Ca. Ca. 

XVhat peninsula on the north of Guatimala ? Yn. What island east of Cuba 
Hi.'^ XVhat cluster east of the last? Ce. XVhat one north of Caribbee ? Ba. 

To what country do the Bermuda® Islands belong ? To Great Britain. What ^ 

island and cape lie northeast of the United States ? N-Fd. C-Se. 

Which division lies south of British America ? U-Ss. XVhich, northwest of 
Guatimala? XIo. Which, southwest of Greenland ? B-Aa. 

XVhat cape at the southern extremity of Greenland? FI. XVhich is the largest 
town in the United States? N-XUv. XVhat large lakes lie between the United 
States and Canada ? Sr. EeX Go. XVhat lake is wholly in the United States? XIn®. 

XVhat republic has been annexed to the United States ? Ts. Its capital? An. 

What river forms the western boundary ? R-d-Ne. or Rio Grande. 

XVhich divisions of North America are bounded, in part, by the Atlantic ? 

U-Ss. B-Aa. Gd. XVhich, by the Pacific ? R-Ps. B-Aa. U-Ss. XIa. Ga. 

^ Roo'-she-an. ^ V'oo-ka-tan'. ® Ha'-te. E'-re. 

* Gua-te-ma'-la. ^ Coo'-ba. ® Ber-moo'-da. ® Xlish'-e-gan. 


GKOGKAPIIY 


LESSON XXIX. 


NORTH AMERICA. 



Mr. "West, the English Missionary, near Lake Winnipeg, visiting some Indians five hundred 
miles from his station, in a sleigh drawn by dogs. “ Each dog can drag, over a smooth 
surface of snow, about two hundred pounds, at the rate sometimes of sixty miles a day.” 


1. North America is divided into Britisli America, the 
Knssian Possessions, and Greenland, in the north : Mexico 
and Gnatimala, in the south ; and the United States, in the 
middle. 

XXIX. — What are the divisions of North America ? 1. Which lie in 
the north? 1. AVhich, in the south? 1. Which, in the middle? 1. 



NOKTH AMERICA 


,1 



2. It has a more uumerons and intelligent population than 
South America, and the best institutions' in the world. 



Costume or dress of the ladies of the Azores^ ; islands healthy and fertile, east of North 

America on the Western Hemisphere. 

3. Along the eastern coast, is a remarkable current, called 
the Gulf Stream, the waters of which are much warmer than 
those of the ocean through wdiich it flows. 

What is said of its population ? 2. What, of its institutions ? 2 

What remarkable current along the eastern coast ? 3. What is said of its 
•waters? 3. 


* In-sti-tu'-tions, governments, etc. 


^ A-zores' or A-zo'res. 



56 


GEOGRAPHY 


4. The climate in the north is cold ; in the middle, mild 
and agreeable ; in the south, exceedingly warm. 

5. Owing to various causes, the climate of North America 
is much colder than that of Europe, in places equally distant 
from the equator. 

6. The northern parts have been partially explored by 
Captains Parry, McKenzie, Barrow, and others. 



What is said of the climate of the north ? 4. Of the interior or middle ? 4. 
(..'f the south ? 4. Of North America in general ? 6. What places on the 
earth are the hottest ? Those of the equator, the cold increasing to the Poles. 
Who explored the northern parts? 6. 



XORTH AMERICA 




Subterranean or underground Huts in the northern regions. 


7. The population of North America is about thirty-nine 
millions, consisting of whites, negroes, and Indians. Many 
of the inhabitants of the north build huts of snow and ice ; 
others live in subterranean^ ones. 

8. Tliey subsist^ chiefly on seals and other fish, and ride in 
sledges drawn by dogs or rein-deer. Some live on moss and 
the bark of trees. 


What is the population of North America? 7. In what do the inhabi- 
tants of the north live ? 7 On what do they subsist ? 8. 


^ Sub ter-ra'-ne-an, under the ground, 


^ Sub-sist', live, feed, 



58 


GEOGEAPHY 


MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 



sc 


MAP OF THE UNITED STATES. 


59 


LESSON XXX. 

The Six Eastern States. — What other name have the Eastern States? INew 
England. Which of them border on the Atlantic? Me. N-He. Ms. R-Id. Ct. 
Which are bounded on the north by British America? Vt. N-He. Me. 

What province of British America lies north of these States? C-Et. What 
province east of Maine? IX-Bk. Name the Eastern States? Me. N-He. Ms. R-Id. 
Ct. Vt. The capitals of each ? Aa. Cd. Bn. Pe. and Newport, lid. and N-IIn. Xlr. 

The Four Middle States. — What province lies on the north of these States? 
C-Wt. Which of them lie on the Atlantic ? NWk. N-Jy. De. What states 
bound them on the south? Md. Va. What, on the west? Oo. 

Name tlie Middle States? NWk. N-Jy. Pa. De. Name the capitals of each? 
Ay. of NWk., Tn. of N-Jy., Hg. of Pa., Dr. of De. 

The Ten Southern States. — What ocean and gulf on the east and south of 
these States? Ac. Mo. Which state forms a peninsula? Fa. 

Which extends farthest north ? Va. Which, the most southern ? Fa. and Ts. 
What river between Mississippi and Louisiana? Mi. Whet, in Louisiana? Mi. Rd. 

To what falls have steamboats ascended the Mississippi? S-Ay. W’hatstutes 
border on the southern ones ? As. Te. Ky. Oo. Pa. De. 

Name the Southern States? Md. Va. N-Ca. S-Ca. Ga. Fa. Aa. Mi. La. Ts. The 
capitals of each? As., Rd., Rh., Ca., Me., Te., My., Jn., B-Re., An. 

The Eleven Western States. — Which of these States lie on the Mississippi? 
As. Te. Ky. Mi. Is. Wn. la. Which, on the Ohio? Is. la. Oo. Ky. Which is 
mostly surrounded by Lakes? XIn. Which lies on the Pacific? Ca. (p. 88.) 

Territories. — What Territories lie on the Pacific? On. Wn. (p. 88.) ‘Name 
the other Territories ? (See p. 88.) XIa. Na. Ks. In. Uh. XI-XIo. 

XVhat large lakes bound the XVestern States on the north ? Sr. Iln. Ee. XVhat 
lake lies mostly in Xlichigan ? XIn. XVhat falls between Erie and Ontario? Na. 

Name the XVestern States? Oo. Ky. Te. As. Xli. Is. la. XIn. la. XVn. Ca. (p. 88.) 
Their capitals? Cs., Ft., Ne., L-Rk., J-Cy., Sd., Is., Lg., I-Cy., XIn., S-Cy. (p. 88.) 

If the learner is old enough, let him now bound each Slate separately, in one or more lessons. 

Situation. — XVhat ocean on the east of the United States ? Ac. XX^hat country 
on the north ? B-Aa. What gulf on the south ? XI o. XVhat ocean on the west ? Pc. 

XVhat river between the United States and British America? S-Le. What 
large river flows into the Gulf of Xlexico? Xli. XVhat large ones flow into the 
Xlississippi ? Xli. Oo. As. Rd. XVhat lakes between the United States and British 
America? Oo. Ee. Hn. Sr. XVs. Name all the States in the Union. 


GEOGRAPHT 



LESSOR XXX T. 


THE UNITED STATES. 



Eeavcrs building a Dam. 


1. The United States form the most important part of 
America. They comprise thirty-one States and eight Territo- 
ries, besides the District of Columbia, ceded to the United 
States by Maryland and Virginia. 

2. They are divided into Eastern or New England, Middle, 
Southern, and Western States. 


XXXI. — What do the United States form? 1. XVhat do they comprise? 
1. What District besides? 1. How are they divided ? 2. 



U N I T B D ST A T E S 


61 


3. Thirteen States — ISTew Hampshire, Massachusetts, Ehode 
Island, Connecticut, Hew York, Hew Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Horth Carolina, South Caro- 
lina, and Georgia — were British Colonies till 1T76\ when 
they unitedly published an instrument, called the “ Declara- 
tion of Independence.” 

4. The American Army was commanded by General 
George Washington, who ’was universally revered. 



^'icw of the Great Falls of Niagara on the Niagara River, between Lakes Erie and Ontario. 


Which states unitedly opposed Great Britain ? 3. When did they declare 
their Independence ? 3. Who commanded our army ? 4. 

^ Seventeen hundred and seventy-six. 


C2 


GEOGEAPHT. 

k 



View of the Park and City Hall, in New York. 


5. After a contest of seven yeai’s, the British were coni' 
j)elled to acknowledge our Independence. 

6. In 1812^ another war occurred between the British and 
Americans, in which the latter gained many battles on land 
and at sea. 

7. The principal mountains are, the Alleghanies on the 
east, and the Bocky Mountains on the west. 

How long did the contest continue ? 5. What were the British compelled 
,todo? 5. When did another war occur? 6. What is said respecting the 
battles ? 6. What are the principal mountains of the United States on the 
cast ? 7. What, on the west ? 7. 

^ Eighteen hundred and twelve. 


V 




UNITED STATES 


63 


8. In the Mississippi Yalley, comprising the Western States, 
are vast forests, extensive grassy plains, called Prairies ; and 
some of the largest rivers in the world. 

9. In North America, there are supposed to be more than 
fifty thousand miles of river navigation ; and the United 
States are intersected or crossed by canals and railroads in 
various places. 



View of Philacielphiu. 


What does the Mississippi Yalley comprise ? 8. What is said of its forests 
and plains ? 8. What, of its rivers ? 8. How many miles of river navigation 
in North America? 9. What is said respecting railroads and canals? 9. 


6i 


GEOGRAPHY. 


f 


16. Free schools and colleges are so numerous, that the 
people in general receive a good education. 

17. All religions are tolerated' by law in the United States. 
The population is over twenty-three millions. 


18. The District of Columbia, when 
ceded'' by Maryland and Virginia to tlie 
United States in 1790^, was ten miles 
square, and lay on both sides of the Po- 
tomac river. 

19. Alexandria county, formerly a part 
of this District, w^as ceded back to Vir- 
ginia, by Congress, in 1846. 

20. Wasliimjton^ the capitaT of the United States, is situ- 


j Ten square miles. 

i BBUnHIHDi 

! Ten miles square. 



Or 100 s(|uare miles. 


Wliat is said of schools ^iid colleges? 16. What is said of religions ? 17. 
What is the population ? 17. What was it by the census of 1840? About 
seventeen millions. When was the District of Columbia ceded to the United 
States ? 18. What is said of its extent and situation ? 18. 

What is meant by 10 miles square? A square having four sides, each ten 
miles long. W^hat, by a square ? Any figure or thing having four equal 
sides and four equal angles or corners. How many square miles did the Dis- 
trict of Columbia at first contain ? One hundred. 

What is said of the county of Alexandria ? 19. What and where is the 
capital of the United States ? 20. What place was the first capital ? 20. 

■r 

How many inhabitants has Washington city? 20. By whom was it laid 

^ Tol'-er-a-ted, allowed, permitted. ^ Ce'-ded, granted, given. 

^ Seventeen hundred and ninety. ■* Cap'-i-tal, seat of government. 



UNITED STATES 


65 


ated on tlie Potomac, in this District. Philadelphia was the 
first capital. 

21. Washington has now about forty thousand inhabitants. 
It was laid out by General Wasliington. 



Map of the District of Columbia. 


out? 20. What two towns in this District? Wn. and Gn. (See the map of 
the District.) On what river are Georgetown and Alexandria ? Pc. Does 
this river rim northerly or southerly ? 

Which town is most northerly ? Gn. Which is most southerly ? Aa. 
Which are on the north side of the river ? Gn. Wn. Between what streams 
does Washington lie ? The two branches of the Potomac. Which is now the 
only county in the District? Wn. 



66 


GEOGRAPHY 




MAP OP THE EASTEKN STATES, 



Lon^ W.from Green, wi.t 


Araclaiv | T 
. JfcL.rs 


Th-r e e Rjt ci-s 
C .A I N^A. 


St.Franci’.s 


Fi^lonsp.. 
He rtct 


■Mm ONTR KAi; 

X^Sb^. John.' 


EirHclcL 


P a s s fprrn . a g u o d d;v \if\. 
\orcf ’Eastpdxt^^^ 

_l r MacJiiaso 
Liast ^ I ^ 

&&&sevt[ 


erk sh i .reJr ^ 

I Of 


rVTLCloVeiV,^ 


i\ioisrT:p:E.LiE.LA 


■^AUGUSTA 
o ) 

Paris Lv f 


\vh\VFm. 


Chelsecio c 


>Oss] i;ee'^ 


Rutland 


A free! 


PoTtsmonth 


ewhiiryp or b 

'^^^J^liarles town. 
^U^pSTON 

Cod 


i \lV ^ cL s 1 T ri a 

AnAN^C^IJjpsHGlpl- J 

I A pl^^f ■ lsprii!igficlcl®4- T''^ 
( WincLsorc/ U 

1 (ifART P O KD V PROXUDKN Ci^ ^S'’ 


C. Mai a bar 


.N.KAVEISl 




Long. EcLst J'xfnTiWashmgton. 


aviL£H KtiUiB£fi ri 


MAP OF THE 8 I X EASTERN STATES. 67 

LESSON XXXII. 

NTaine. — What bounds it on the north ? Canada East. What on the east ? 
N-Bk. W’^hat, on the south and west? Ac. N-IIe. C-Et. What and where is 
the capital ? Aa, 3vc. • Which is the largest town ? Ed. Which are the prin- 
cipal rivers? Kc. Pt. S-Js. 

V»"hat towns on the Penobscot? Bt. Br. Ed. AYhat bay on the east? Py. 
What towns in this part ?' Et. XIs. Wliat one on the St. Johns R. ? XIa. What, 
on the coast? Et. XIs. Tn. Pd. What lake is the source of the Kennebec? 
M-IId. What ba}^ on the coast ? Pt. What island near it? XI-Dt. 

New Hampshire. — Bound it on the north? C-Et. On the east? Xle. and Ac. 
On the south? XIs. On the west? Yt. Capital and largest town ? Cd., Xlanchester. 

On \vhat ocean is Portsmouth? Ac. What mountains in the north? We. 
What river on the west? Ct. What on the principal towns? Dover, Na. 

X^ERMONT. — Bound it? C-Et: N-He: XIs: N-X"k. What lake on the north- 
west? Cn. XVhich are the principal toAvns? Bu-n. Bn. XIr. 

XYhat river separates this state from New Hampshire ? Ct. XYhat states does 
it flow through ? XIs. and Ct. Into what sound does it flow ? L-I-Sd. 

XIassaciiusetts. — Bound it on the north? X^t. and N-He. On the east? Ac. 
On the south? Ct. R-Id. and Ac. On the west? N-X^k. Largest town? Bn. 

XYhat towns on or near the coast? Nt. Sm. Cn. Bn. XYhat capes? An. Cd. 
XIr. XYhat towns in the west ? Pd. Sd. X\^hat large and flourishing town in the 
interior of the state? Worcester. XYhat islands on the southeast? Nt. XI- Vineyard. 

Rhode Island. — Bound it? XIs; XIs: Ac: Ct. Capitals? Pe. and Nt. Largest 
town? Pe. XYhat island belongs to it? Bk. XYhat town on the coast? Nt. 

Connecticut. — Bound it? XIs : R-Id : L-I-Sd : N-X"k. How long is the sound ? 
One hundred and twentv miles. XXdiat island south of it ? L-Id. XYhich are 
the capitals? lid. and N-Hn. XYhich are the five largest towns? N-Hn. Hd. 
Norwdch, New London, and Xliddletown. XX^hich is the largest town ? N-Hn. 

On what river are Hartford, Windsor, and Xliddletown ? Ct. On what, are 
New London and Norwich? On the Thames river, in the eastern part of the state. 

Situation. — Name the Eastern States? Xle. N-He. Yt. Ms. R-Id. Ct. XYhich 
border on the Atlantic? Xle, N-He. XIs. R-Id. Ct. XYhat province on the north? 
C-Et. XYhat, on the east? N-Bk. XYhat state on the west? N-Y'k. 

XYhy were the eastern states first called New England? From their fancied 
resemblance to old England. 


68 


GEOGRAPHY 


LESSON XXXIII. 


THE SIX EASTERN OR NEW ENGLAND S T A T 1C S . 



Indians attacking the First Settlers. 


1. The Six Eastern or New England States are, Maine, 
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
and Connecticut/ 


XXXin. — How many Eastern States are there ? 1. Which are they ? 1. 


^ CoN-NECT-i-cuT, (Con-iiet'-e-cut.) 



> 


A S T E K N S T A T E S . 69 

2. These States were settled more than two hundred years 
ago, by pious emigrants from England, who were called 
Puritans or Pilo:rims. 

O 

3. The rock on which they landed, at Plymouth, Massa- 
chusetts, is often visited, and held in great veneration. 

4. On Bunker Hill, near Boston, a monument of granite 


View of Boston and Bunker Hill. 



When were these States settled ? 2. By whom ? 2. What were they 
called ? 2. Why were they called Puritans ? Because they professed to 
have a purer religion than others. Why called Pilgrims also ? Because they 
came to this country for the enjoyment of their religion. What is said of 
Plymouth rock ? 3. Where is Bunker Hill ? 4. W^hat has been erected 
there ? 4. For what purpose ? 4. 







70 


GEOGRAPHY 


has been erected, to commemorate^ the battle fought there, 
at the commencement of the devolution. 

5. ]^ew England is distinguished for the intelligence and 
enterprise of its inhabitants, and its valuable system of com- 
mon schools. 

6. A large part of Maine, esi:)ecially in the north, is cover- 
ed with forests ; and much lumber is exported. 



Ship Biiilflin". 


For wliat is New England distinguished in respect to its inhabitants? 5. 
For what else is it distinguished? 5. With what is a large part of Maine 
covered ? 6. What is said of its lumber ? 6. 


^ Com-mem'-o-rate, to call to remembrance, keep in mind. 


EASTERN STATES 


71 


7. New Ilampsliire and Yermont are hilly countries ; and 
the inhabitants chiefly farmers and graziers/ 

8. The land in Massachusetts is highly cultivated, and it is 
the most populous State in New England. The islands, Nan- 
tucket and Martha’s Vineyard, belong to this State. 



Interior of the Cotton Factoi*y. 


What is said of New Hampshire and Yermont? 7. What of their 
inhabitants ? 7. What, of the land in [Massachusetts ? 8. What, in 
rCvSpect to the population of the state? 8 What islands are mentioned, 
as belonging to this state? 8. What is said of Boston ? 9. On what 
harbor is Boston ? Bn. (See map p. 72.) What important towns around 

^ Gtwa'-ziers, those who feed cattle on grass. 


GEOGRAPHY 


9. Boston in this State, 
is a wealthy and commer- 
cial city, and the largest 
in ~New England. 

10. Lowell is the largest 
manufacturing town in the 
Union. 

11. Providence 
port in Khode I. ; JLew 
Haven and Hartford iq 
Connecticut ; Portland in 
Maine ; diXid Portsmouth in 
ISTew Ham]3shire ; are large 
towns. 

lilap of the vicinity of Boston. 

12. The soil of Com 
necticut is good ; and 
most of the people are 
farmers. 

13. This State has 
some very flourishing 
manufactories. 

14. A large fund is 
set apart for the sup- 
port of free schools. 



The Charter Oak at Hartford, Connecticut. 



Boston? Cn. Cc. llj What is said of Lowell? 10. Which are the 


EASTERN STATES. 


Y3 


15. Rhode Island 
is the smallest State 
in the Union. It is 
noted for its manu- 
factures. 

16. Uarragansett 
Bay is a beautiful ex- 
panse of water, thirty 
miles in extent. At 
the head of this bay 
lies Providence, the 
largest town in Rhode 
Island, to which place 
it is navigable for 
large ships. 

17. Newport, situ- 
ated on the island of 



Rhode Island, is noted for its fine harbor and healtliy climate. 


largest towns in Eliode Island ? 11. In Connecticut ? 11. In Maine ? 11. 
Which, in New Hampshire ? 11. What is said of the soil of Connecticut? 
12. What, of the people ? 12. What, of the manufactories ? 13. What, 
of the schools ? 14. Which is the smallest State in the Union? 15. For 
what is it noted ? 15. What town at the head of Narragansett Bay? Pe. 
(See map.) What town on Ehode Island? Nt. What other important 
places in the vicinity of Providence? Pt. Wk. Wn. Bl. What islands in 
the bay? Ct. Pe. What is said of this bay? 16. How far is it naviga- 
ble? 16. Which is the largest town in Eiiode Island? 16. Where is 
Newport ? 17. For what is it noted ? 17. 


74 : 


GEOaEAPHY 


MAP OF THE MIDDLE STATES. 


L on«i tu do W.Ji’ont Gi'CCiTwicK 


74 


73 


N5 


)| - Ge ore iart 


44 


43' - 



CornWal] O/^CANAOA EAS'I- 


^cittsb ur 
lensburg 



)cLcket.t's HaTbor 
0 ? w e £2 o W hit'e Ja al 1 i rii 


Jo ^ 


/’Q\ SaratoS^ • 1 I 

^bpL,v •o U, po k \> II 

r-’^H ' keaectn d^' 


, c h e s te 91^ ^ 9c 

’ ' ■ '* ■ keaec tn d^'l 

I'^Au.lmrn T'*! 

fr#: .. . . rrov-^ 


r ir b 1 F 

b >A ^ 0 1 e tu 0 w cQo o''" 


piLBANY 

Cats lull 

dtfe — 



«,/vf 5 

il®9ps le 


Cl I kes b ai'i’ i-T" 


e'vv'aT k<>. ' .- 

Bi 

AKNTOm ^aJlK 



AUTLE.i4.&.B08L8rS. 


V 


MAP OF THE FOUR MIDDLE STATES. 75 

LESSON XXXIV. 

Few X'ork. — What bounds it on the east? Vt. XIs. and Ct. On the south? 
Pa. N-Jy. and the Atlantic. On the west and north ? C-Wt. 

What lakes and river between it and Canada ? Ee. Oo. S-Le. What Falls be- 
tween the lakes ? Na. What river in the east ? Iln. What is the«principal branch 
of the Hudson? Xlk. What towns on the Hudson ? XT-X^v. Pe. Cl. Hn. Ay. Ty. 

What lake and river are connected both by a railway and canal? Ee. Hn. 
What towns are so connected ? Bo. Ay. AVhat towns on this route? Sy. Ua. Se. 
An. llr. Bo. On what lake is Buffalo? Ee. What mountains in the south ? Cl. 

What towns on Lake Ontario^ Oo. S-PIr. What, in the north? Og. iPg. 
What, northeast of Schenectady ? Sa. Wl. What lakes in the northeast? Ge.and Cn. 

What is the capital of this State ? Ay. On what river is it ? Hn. Which is-th^e 
largest town? N-Yk. What large town on Long Island, opposite New York ? Bn. 

New Jersey. — Bound it? N-Yk: N-Yk. and Ac: De: Pa. What river on 
the west ? De. In what state does it rise ? N-Yk. 

What bay between New Jersey and Delaware ? De. The capital and the 
largest town? Tn. Nk. What caj)e at the south? Xly. 

Pennsylvania. — Bound it on the north ? N-X^k. On the east ? N-X^k. and 
N-Jy. On the south ? De. Md. Va. On the west ? Oo. Which, and on what river 
is the capital? Hg. Sa. The largest town ? Pa. The principal rivers ? De. Sa. 
Ay. Ma. What do the Alleghany and XIonongahela form ? Oo. 

In what state do the first three rise? N-X^k. Into what bay does the Sus- 
quehanna flow ? Ce. Into what bay does the Delaware flow ? De. 

What town on the Ohio at the junetion of its two branches? Pg. The five 
largest towns ? Pa., Pg., Alleghany City, Reading, Lancaster. 

Delaware. — Bound it ? Pa : D-By : Md : Md. Which is the capital town ? 
Dr. What other chief town ? Wn. Which is in the north part ? Wn. 

Situation. — What states lie on the east of the Xliddle States? Vt. Ms. Ct. 
What country on the north ? C-Et. Lakes ? Ee. Oo. VYhat states south ? Md. 
X"a. Which states of this division border on the Atlantic ? N-X^'k. N-Jy. De. 
Which, on Lake Erie? N-Yk. Pa. What bays in the south? De. Ce. 

Maryland. — Bound it? Pa: De. and Ac : Ya: Va. Capital and largest 
town? As. Be. Which is a little northwest of the Chesapeake Bay ? Be. 

On what bay is Annapolis? Ce. What river on the west ? Pc. What towns on 
it, in the District of Columbia? Wn. Gu. (Maryland is best shown on this map.) 


GEOGRAPHY 



LESSON xxxy. 

, THE FOUR MIDDLE STATES. 



Iron Mines in Pennsylvania. 


1. The Four Middle States are, New York, Pennsylvania, 
New Jersey, and Delaware. 

2. They Avere originally settled by the Dutch or Holland- 
ers, and by the English. 

XXXY. — How many Middle States are there ? 1. Name them? 1. By 
whom were they settled ? 2. 


]\IIDDLE STATES. 




3. Tlie people are well informed, and mostly engaged in 
the cultivation of wheat and foreign commerce. 

4. West in New York, has a Military Academy, and 

is situated on the west hank of the Hudson, about fifty miles 
from the city of New York. 


5. New Yorh is the 
laro;est and most com- 
mercial city in America. 

Its population, by the 
census of 1850\ was five 
hundred and fifteen thoir 
sand five hundred and 
seven : — over half a mil- 
lion of people ! 

6. The city is supplied 
with pure water brouglit 
from the Croton Kiver, 
by an aqueduct, forty 
miles long. 



Map of New York and its Vicinity. 


What is said of the people ? 3. In what are they mostly engaged ? 3. 
^ here is W est P oint ? 4. What Academy has it ? 4. What is said of the 
city of New York? 5. What was its population in 1850? 5. How is it 
supplied with water? 6. How long is the aqueduct? 6. Which are the 
principal places around New York ? Bn. Wg. J-Cy. (See its map.) What 
bay, south of it ? N-Yk. What is its entrance called ? Ns. 


^ Eighteen hundred and lifty. 


78 


» 


GEOOKAPIIY 



Map of the Vicinity of Ph’iladolp ila. 


7. Pennsylvania 
lias extensive iron 
and coal mines. 
Pittsburg is the 
chief seat of the 
iron manufacture. 

8. Philadelphia^ 
in this state, was 
founded by AVil- 
liam Penn, and is 
next to New York 
in population. 


9. Maryland is 
a grain - growing 
State. Tobacco is 
much cultivated. 

10. The chief 
city is Baltimore^ 
which has a popu- 
lation of one hun- 
dred and sixty-nine 
thousand. It has a 
monument in hon- 
or of Washington. 



For what is Pennsylvania noted? 7. What is said of Pittsburg? 7. 


MIDDLE STATES 


79 


11. New Jersey is an agricultural State. Fruit and vege- 
tables are raised here for the New York and Philadelphia 
markets. The capital town is Trenton. 

12. Delaware produces large quantities of grain and su- 
perfine fiour. Dover is the capital. 



View of the Terry between New York and Brooklyn. 


Who founded Philadelphia ? 8. How does it rank in population ? 8. Be- 
tween what rivers is it ? He. SI. (See its map.) Which is on the east ? He. 
What towns in its neighborhood ? On. Hn. Gn. What is said of Maryland ? 
9. What is much cultivated? 9. Which is the chief city? 10. What is 
the population ? 10. What monument has it ? 10. On what river is Balti- 
more ? Po. (See its map.) What fort is here ? M-Hy. What is said of 
Kew Jersey? 11. What are raised here? 11. What is the capital? 11. 
What is said of Helaware? 12. The capital ? 12. 



80 


GEOGRAPHY 


MAP OF THE SOUTHERN S-TATES. 



91 


89 


\ 

40 





Long.UTest from Greei iTyicli 79 
KE Ml cniGAJsr 


OHIO 


!MI S 


Al!kCL 77 ,.y 






E N K 

\Wh.e.eli-n^i' 






■WA$HIiN'G-T O'.n jA 

Wn-I 








Mkncliester 


o’ ' tt!e-V:-ill)o 

)ecaxnf^ V r 

• i.vA rOT.lTM R A J-L C- 




, , . Mitifu'lton 

L,UAJ B lA. o- V~' “%^"ir34 

CAROLIN.A^- 


MILL EDGE^tiT. b C iiaEl'e s t o 
I'' •■»' oc:tv-iv ' 


; ^ \ i 4 j ^milledgevilt^ 

• ) c%>montgombrt^_A o 

--aJ'M 

BATON- A^TA-LI,AH^|eE 




^Vy^HissfssippiR. '0i 
^ ^ EtHpioo^e 


^A'erS: 

a tf L F O F M 




TaaiipctB 'a.wP /, - 


»■ , 


E X I C 0\^ 



CIzaTlotte /i? 

•■ CA> /■ 

7 .YS *'■' X ' s ; ^.-'■ 


FLORIDA KEli 


I G Loii^.lVestfrom Waslii ngion 6 

' ' 





MAP OF THE TEN SOUTHERN STATES. 81 


LESSON XXXVI. 

Yirginta. — Bound it on the north ? Pa. Md. On the east ? Md. and Atlantic. 
On the south ?^N-Ca. Te. On the west? Ky. Oo. What river on the north- 
east? Potomac. Which are the five largest towns in the order of their popu- 
lation ? Rd. Nk. Petersburgh, Wheeling, Alexandria. What river on the north- 
west ? Oo. Capital and largest town ? Rd. 

North Carolina. — Bound it? Ya: Ac: S-Ca. and Ga: Te. Capital? Rh. 
The chief towns ? Wn. Fe. Rh. Newbern. Near what ocean is Wilmington ? 
Ac. What mountains ? Alleghany. 

South Carolina. — Bound it on the north? N-Ca. On the east? Ac. N-Ca. 
On the southwest? Ga. "What is the capital? Ca. Largest town? Cn. 

Georgia. — Bound it on the north ? Te. and N-Ca. On the east? Ac. and S-Ca. 
On the south? Fa. On the west? Aa. Principal towns? Sh. Aa. Macon, 
Columbus. What is the capital, and on what river? Me. on the Oconee. 

Florida. — Bound it on the north ? Aa. and Ga. On the east and south ? Ac. 
On the west? G-of-Mo. Capital? Te. The largest town ? K-Wt. 

What fort on the east? Jr. What, on the west ? Be. What bay and harbor 
on the west? Ta. Ce. What islands on the south? F-Ks. What current near 
them ? The Gulf-Stream. How wide is the Gulf of Mexico ? Eleven hundred miles. 

Alabama. — Bound it ? Te: Ga: G-of-Mo. and Fa : Mi. Capital? My. Largest 
town? Me. Which town in the west was the former capital ? Ta. What river 
runs across the northern part of this state ? Tennessee. Where does it fiow? Oo. 

Mississippi. — Bound it? Te: Aa: G-of-Mo. and La: La. and As. The capital? Jn. 
The largest town ? Natchez. Into what gulf does the Mississippi flow ? G-of-Mo. 

Louisiana. — Bound it? As. and Mi: Mi. and G-of-Mo: G-of-Mo: Ts. Which 
is the largest town ? N-Os. -Capital ? B-Re. On what river is it ? Mi. How long 
is the river ? Twenty-six hundred miles. (For the next answers, see p. 88.) 

Texas. — Bound Texas? In-Ty : As. and La: G-of-Mo. Mo: Mo. and N-Mo. 
What river on the southwest? R-d-Ne. or Rio Grande. Capital? An. What town 
near the mouth of this river, on the Mexican side? Ms. (p. 88.) By whom has 
this place been recently taken from the Mexicans? By the troops of the United 
States, commanded by Gen. Z. Taylor. 

Maryland. — (As the map and questions are inserted on pages 74 and 7 5, they 
are omitted here.) 

Situation. — Which of the Southern States are on the Atlantic ? Md. Ya. N-Ca. 
S-Ca. Ga. Fa. W^hich, on the Gulf of Mexico? Fa. Aa. Mi. La. Ts. 

Which lie farthest north? Yal Md. Which lie farthest south? Fa. Ts. 
W’'hich border on the Mississippi river? La. Mi. Which is the largest? Ts. 


82 


G E O G R A P H Y 


/ 

LESSON XXXYII. 

THE TEN SOUTHERN STATES. 



Vi(j\v of Baltimore in Maryland. 


1. The Ten Southern States are, Maryland, Yirginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Missis- 
sippi, Louisiana, Florida, and Texas. 


XXXYTT. — How many Soutliern States are there ? 1. 


Name them? 1. 


<1^ 



SOUTHERN SPATES. 


83 


2. Tlie first permanent 
settlement in tlie Southern 
States, was at Jamestown'^ 
Yirginia, in 1607\ 

3. The ISTatural Bridge 
of Yirginia is a great curi- 
osity. 

4. Yirginia and Mary- 
land produce tobacco, corn? 
and wheat. The produc- 
tions of the rest are chiefly 
cotton, rice, sugar-cane, etc. 

5. Gold is found in Yir- 
ginia, ISTorth and South 
Carolina, and Georgia. 



Natural Bridge in Yirginia. 


6. Tlie Magnolia tree abounds in these States. 

Y. Nero Orleans‘s on the Mississippi BiY^er, lately the capital 
of Louisiana^, is the commercial emporium of the AYestern 
States and Territories. 


Where was the first permanent settlement made ? 2. When ? 2. What 
cariosity has Yirginia ? 3. What does Yirginia and Maryland produce ? 4. 
What, the rest ? 4. Where is gold found ? 5. The Magnolia tree also ? 6. 
YHiere is New Orleans? 7. Of what was it the capital? 7. What is said 
of it ? 7 


^ Nu-O'R'-LE-ANZ. 


^ Sixteen hundred and seven. 


^ Loo E-ZE-AN'-A, 



84 


GEOGRAPHY 



View of New Orleans. 

Alabama grows the most cotton of any State in the Union ; 
Mississippi next : Louisiana the most sugar-cane and rice : 
Virginia the most tobacco, and next to Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
and New York, tlie most wheat. 

9. Mobile\ in Alabama, is a place of much commercial 
importance. The chief town of Mississippi is Natchez^. 

10. The other chief towns are, Baltimore (Md.), liichmond 
( Va.), Charleston (S-Ca.), Savannah (Ga.) 

What, of Alabama and Mississippi ? 8. Of Louisiana and Virginia ? 8. 
What, of Mobile ? 9. Which is the chief town of Mississippi ? 9. Which 
are the other chief towns of the Southern States ? 10. 

^ Natch'-ez. 


^ Mo-beel', 



SOUTHERN STATES 


85 


11. Florida and Texas were admitted into the Union in 
eighteen hundred and forty-five. 

12. Texas was originally a part of Mexico. The soil and 
climate of these two States are exceedingly fine. 

13. The climate of the Southern States is, in the low coun- 
try, hot and unhealthy in summer ; in winter, mild with 
little or no snow. 

14. In the higher regions, the climate is, in summer, 
milder, and more healthy. 



An eagle feeding her young. 


AVlien were Florida and Texas admitted into the Union ? 11. AUhat was 
Texas formerly a part of? 12. AVhat is the climate of the Southern States, 
in the low country ? 13. What, in the higher regions ? 14. 


86 


GEOGEAPHY 


MAP OP THE WESTERN STATES. 


05 LoiagAVcs t from &reenwic?h87 «;> 


, of the. V/oods. 





83 


81 


2. IfVOUas^ -T-> -T m IVr- \ 

BUI 'E^Iv^SlTT i H 

TortCharloLtg^!^ i ^ — L ■ ' O _.i 


V , ^^... .■.•..•.. I _ \ 






' I 'n4s:. Ar >.->fec]ui;ao 


(IR 


^ (Falls of I 
Sb.AriliiOTT>::j 


ft: 


-><> > - 

U f'k 

* 


^'/aniclcA 

1 C5 \Sagina\vB^^ 

S ; o -•' ^ iL/V 

baginawor^ i 




:V- 




-JL 1 44 


detroit:;A= ^J^': 


Prairie-’.llo ^ oi 

dxL Cliieii'S TriADisoN I 

CP-iA-^4^. I ■nT,1-,T,rrn J 4 ' 13ETR01 

“f 'fev- . I A 5^1 . J 




B iitIti 1 °to ii°»j 


, n -.-.vz^oCo^limbrOG i 1 O-afawcLL^ o tt t <^ ■' 

Lj ^4>> Wj iiTWest 1\ \ d 1^ oBc^':b‘ille f 1 ! ° i ^ 

/ 1 «U v^o T 1 \\l SPRTNn'FTF.T-n^ ;v V. . COTHJaMBUSjC; :co^ • 


Akron°-.x5^;i; 


lAilmyivaffSPaiNGWELD^^^^^^ -cowtaibus^— 

— ' SEN ?Al ^ \TT> r ATc ATJnT.T?; _ *_J i • .’JT^ 






38 


AUon 

J»I 


« jND^KAPOLi? oiiicinnali. 


J 8 JJSPFP.USO '^ 

*'^1^? St^elvilleo 


.villeo 


38 


Spi^iHgfield 


^°.DaiTvilloSl 




r>^ 

'^^ETTTLE R0ClOi/\ 

i.J:g^lFa:Ltci« 

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I ^ •I.I APAAXX I S I 


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’ \i^4e ORGIA.' 




'l34 




18 


Long.lA^est ii'om'U''cis]iin.gtoiY iO 


G 


MAP OF THE WESTERN STATES. 


8T 


LESSON XXXYIII. 

Ohio. — How is it bounded on the north? (See p. 89.) Mn. and L-Ee. On the 
east? Pa. Va. On the south? Ky. and Ya. On the west? la. 

What river on the south? Oo. What towns in this state? Ci. Cs. An. Sy. 
Which, and on what river, is the largest toAvn? Ci. Oo. The capital? Cs. 

Kentucky. — Bound it? Oo. la. and Is: Va: Te: Mi. AYhat river on the 
north? Oo. What, on the west? Mi. The capital ? Ft. 

What other towns ? Le. De. Hn. Which, and on what river, is the largest 
town ? Le. Oo. Where does the Ohio flow ? Mi. 

Tennessee. — Bound it? Ky. and Ya: K-Ca: Mi. Aa. Ga: As. Which is the 
capital and largest town? Ne. What other towns? Ca. Sh. Ke. 

Indiana. — Bound it? Mn : Oo : Ky: Is. AVhich is the capital? Is. The 
largest town? K-Ay. AVliat other towns? Mn. L-Fe. F-We. 

Illinois. — Bound it? Wn: la. and L-Mn : Ky: Xli. and la. The capital? Sd. 
What towns on the Mississippi? Ga. K-Bn. Co. An. Be. Co. What town on 
Lahe Michigan ? Co. 

Missouri. — Bound it? la: Is. and Ky : As: I-Ty. and Ks, What towns? 
S-Ls. N-Md. Sd. J-Cy. Pa. What large river ? Mi. Which, and on what river, 
is the largest toAvn ? S-Ls. Mi. 

Arkansas. — Bound it? Mi : Te. and Mi: La: I-Tv. and Ts. Wliat towns? 
L-Rk. Fe. Ft. Fn. Nn. L-Ge. NVhat rivers? As. Rd. Where do they flow? 
Mi. Which, and on what river, is the largest town and capital? L-Rk. As. 

Michigan. — Bound it? L-Sr : L-Hn: la. and Oo: L-Mn. and Wn. Chief towns? 
Dt. S-Jli. Sw. Me. Which is the capital and largest town ? Lg. Dt. 

Wisconsin. — Bound it? Ma. and L-Sr: Mn. and L-Mn: Is: Ma. and la. Chief 
towns? Mn. Me. On what lake is Milwaukie? Mn. (For answers to the follow- 
ing questions, see p. 86 and p. 88.) 

Iowa. — Bound it? Ma: Wn. andls: Mi: Na. Chief towns? I-Cv. Bn. Be. De. 
California. — Bound this state on the north ? On. East? Uh. K-Mo. South? 
Mo. West? Pc. Capital? S-Cy. Other towns? S-Fo. My. Yo. River? So. 
Through what region does the Sacramento run ? Gd. 

Situation. — Y^hich states of the western division border on the Ohio river? 
Ky. Oo. la. Is. Which, on the Mississippi? XVn. la. Is. Mi. As. Te. Ky. Which, 
on Lake Michigan? Mn. la. Is. Wn. XViiich, on the east of the Mississippi? Wn. 
Is. Ky. Te. Which, on the west ? Mi. As. la. In which is the Missouri river? ML 


88 


GEOGKAPIIY 


THE MAP OF 


THE UNITED STATES A 





cwE:Rjo5^^r 

[ 1 NDIAN^^ 1 
It? I ^ CREEKS] 




\ilton ^ 


orteKfo 


Matagc 


0X1 i, '^V'e St from sVirn (?toxi. 


■7'cr?!rr 


TERRITORIES. 


89 


D TEERITORIES. 


\ 


87 


83 


79 L 'WI from Gre cn\Tl i 










2^ 






E 




4 


> 

>\' 


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y 




V 






Sci^ 




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/Mo 


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92-7 •■ ^/ V 


1 30 
















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\J26 



'^'ri'^y. / ' u tt'T -■■'&■ 



QUESTIONS. 

Minesota. — What province on the 
north? B-Aa. What state and lake on 
the east? Wn. Sr. What bounds it on 
the south ? la. Na. On the west? Na. 
Capital? S-Pl, On what river is it? 
Mi. What Falls near it ? S-Ay. 

Nebeaska. — Bound it? B-Aa: Ma. 
la: Ks : Uh. On, Wn. Rivers? Mi. 
Ye. Be. How far from the ocean do 
steamers ascend the Missouri? (See 
the figures near the steamboat.) Moun- 
tains? B-IIs. Ry. Indians? Ms. Cs. 

Washington. — Bound it on the 
north? B-Aa. East? Na. South? On. 
West? Pc. Cape ? Fy. Principal river? 
Ca. Its branch here ? Cs. Capital? Oa. 

Oregon. — Bound it on the north ? 
Wn. East? Ea. South? Ca. Uh. 
West? Pc. Capital? Sm. Other set- 
lements ? 0-Cy. Aa. Mountains? Ry. 
Be. Cape? Od. River on the north ? 
Ca, Its branch here ? Ls. 

Utah. — Bound it? On: Na. Ks. 
N-Mo : N-]Mo. Ca : Ca. Principal town 
and lake ? S-L-Cy. G-S-Le. 

New Mexico. — Bound it? Uh. Ks : 
Ks. I-Ty. Ts : Ts. Mo : Ca. Principal 
Rivers? Co. R-d-Ne. or Rio Grande. 
Into what gulfs do they flow ? Ca. Mo. 

Kansas. — Bound it? E"a: Mi: 

I-Tv. N-Mo: Uli. N-Mo. Indians? Os. 

Indian Territory. — Bound it? Ks: 
As. Mi: Ts: Ts. N-Mo. Rivers? Ks. 
As. Rd. Indians? Cs. Cs. 

TowNs.-AVhich are the seven largest 
towns in the United States? N-Yk. in 
NY’k: Pa. in Pa: Be. iiiMd: Bn. in 
]\Is: N-Os. in La: Ci. in Oo : Bm in 
N-YE 


90 


GEOGRAPHY 


LESSON XXXIX. 


THE KLEVEH WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



Stack of the Horns of Deer, taken by the Indians, in hunting. 


1. The Eleven "Western States are, Ohio, Indiana^ Illi- 
nois^, Michigan®, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, A^kansas^ 
Iowa, Wisconsin, California. Territories. — Oregon, Wash- 
ington, Minesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Utah®, New Mexico, 
and Indian. 


XXXIX. — How many Western States are there? 
names? 1. Name the Territories? 1. 

'In-di-an'-a. ^Il-lin-oi'. ^ Misu'-e-gan. ^ Mis-soo'-re. ^ 


1. What are their 


Ar'-kan-saw. ® U'-ta 


01 




WESTERN STATES. 

2. Iowa and Wisconsin lie northwest and north of Illinois. 

California has recently become a State. 

\ 



Astoria, in Oregon Territory. 


3. Oregon and California lie on the Pacific, Hew Mexico 
lies west, and the Indian Territory, north of Texas. 

4. The A¥estern States contain much excellent land; espe- 
cially the Prairies, (pra'-res,) which are vast level tracts, 
covered with grass, but destitute of trees and shrubs. 


Where do Iowa and W’^jcoiisin lie ? 


and California? 
AWd, Gf tP; rrPil 



2 . Where, the remaining Territories 
o land of the Western States? 4. 
al^Iirnia? 2. 





92 


G E O G K A P II Y 



Life in California. 

5. The inhabitants are mostly emigrants from the Easterly 
and Middle States. They are chiefly farmers. 

6. Missouri, Illinois, and Wisconsin, have lead mines. 

Y. Oliio raises the most corn of any State in the Union, and 
next to Pennsylvania, the most wheat ; and though compara- 
tively a new State, is already the third in population. 

8. Indiana and Michigan have a fertile soil, and are be- 
coming populous and flourishing. 

By whom were the Western States chiefly settled ? 5. What is said of 
}.[issouri, Illinois, and Wisconsin ? 6. What is said of the corn, wheat, and 
population of Ohio ? 7. What is said of Indiana and Michigan ? 8. 


s 



WESTERN STATES 


93 


9. Kentucky and Tennessee cultivate largely Indian com 
and tobacco. Arkansas is a farming: State. 

O 

10. Tlie chief cities of the Western States are Cincinnati 
in Ohio ; St. louis^ in Missouri ; Icniisville^ in Kentucky ; 
Chicago' in Illinois ; Betroif in Michigan ; and Nashville 
in Tennessee. 

11. Cincinnati is a large and flourishing city, and the em- 
porium of the Ohio Yalley. 




View of Cincinnati. 

What do Kentucky and Tennessee produce? 9. What is said of Arkan- 

bie chief cities of the Western States ? 10. What is 
said of Cincinnati ? 11. 


^'SENyLoo'-is, or W-k ^Siie-kau'-go. 

Loo -is-viLL. '^De-troit, or Da-trwl, in French. 



94 


GEOGEAPHY 


MAP OF BEITISH AMEEICA, MEXICO, &c. 



LMrJioiiLGreeaimcli 157 


Asia 




\\ZMlchigaJ\ 




■^sofDanci 



MAP OF BRITISH AMERICA, MEXICO, ETC. 1)5 


LESS0?f XI. 

■British America. — Bound it? X-On: Ac: U-Ss: R-Ps. andPc. Capital? Qc. 
(p:''94.) Other chief towns? (p. 89.) Xll. on S-Le : To. and Kn. on L-Oo. What 
mountains in the west? (p. 94.) Ry. What one near the coast ? Mount Elias. 

What sea, islands, and bay, in the north ? Pr. Me. and Cd. Bs. What bay near 
the centre? Hs. What strait between Cumberland island and Greenland? Ds. 

What strait south of Cumberland island ? Hs. What ocean and bay does it con- 
nect ? Ac. Hs. Between what lakes are the Falls of Niagara ? Go, and Ee. (p. 89. ) 

What lake west of Hudson’s Bay ? Se. A^hat lake southeast of Slave Lake ? 
Wg. What island and cape on the Atlantic coast? N-Fd. Se. 

Russian Possessions. — AVhat strait separates them from Asia ? Bsb AYliat 
peninsula on the southwest ? Aa. What country on the east ? B-Aa. 

Greenland. — What island east of it? Id. Why was Greenland so named? 
On account of its green appearance when lirst discovered. 

Mexico. — Bound it? U-S. : G-ofMo: Pc. andGa: Be. What is the capital ? 
XIo. The largest town ? XIo : — having about half as many ]>eople as Philadelphia. 

XYhat river on the east? R-d-Ne. or Rio Grande. XYhat mountains? Cs. 
What mountains north do they form a part of? Ry. 

What gulf on the east ? XIo. XYhat, on the west ? Ca. XX'hat peninsula in the 
west? Ca. XYhat, in the south? Yn. 

Guatimala. — Bound it? Mo. andC-Sea: C-Sea and S-Aa : S-Aa. and Pc: Pc. 
What is it sometimes called? Central America. XYhich is the capital? S-Sr. 
What isthmus in the south? Bn. or Panama. 

XYest Indies". — Between what grand divisions do they lie? N-Aa. and S-Aa. 
Which is the largest island ? Ca^. XX’^hat other principal islands ? JaX Hi^ Ce. 

XYho inhabit Hayti? Africans or Negroes. How are they governed ? By 
an Emperor. XYhat is the southern cape of California ? S-Ls. 

What are the divisions of North America ? U-Ss. B-Aa. R-Ps. Gd. XIo. Ga. XXEIs. 

Situation. — XX^’hat ocean on the east of North America? Ac. XYhat, on the 
west? Pc. XYhat, on the north ? Nn. What gulfs on the south ? XIo. Ca. 

XYhat mountains in the east? Ay. XYhat, in the west? Ry. Cs. XV'hat bays 
in the north? Hs. Bs. XYhat straits? Bs. Hs. Ds. XYhat sea? Pr. 

What lakes near the centre? XYg. Sr. XIn. Ee. Oo. XYhat large rivers in 
North America? Xli. Xli. R-d-Ne. As. XIaekenzie. 


* Beer'-iiigs. 


" Ind'-yez. 


^ Cu'-ba or Koo'-ba. 


^ Ja-nia'-ka. 


^ Ha'-te. 




9G 


a E O G K A P II Y . 




LESSON XLI. 

BRITISH AMERICA. 



Aniaials of British America. 


1. British America comprises New Britain, Canada Ew;st 
and Canada West, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince 
Edward’s, and the island of Newfoundland. 

2. Canada East was settled by the French ; Canada West 
by the English. 


XLI. — What does British America comprise? 1. By whom was Canada 
East settled ? 2. By whom, Canada West? 2. 



# 


13 R I T I S II A M E R I C A.. 9T 



New Cathedral, at Jlontreal. 


3. Tlie principal cities are Montrecd and Quebec in Canada 
East, Toronto and Kingston in Canada West, St, Johns in New 
Brunswick, and Halifax in Nova Scotia. 

4. Newfoundland is noted for its cod fishery. 

5. Quebec^ the capital of all British America, is noted for 
its fortifications, and Montreal as being the principal mart 
(' place of trade’) between this country and the United States. 

AVhat are the principal cities in Canada East and in Canada West ? 3. 
What city in New Brunswick ? 3. In Nova Scotia? 3. For what is New- 
foundland noted ? 4. For what, Quebec ? 5. What is said of the trade of 
Montreal ? 5. 


o 



o 


^8 


GKOGKAPHY. 


# 


\ 


LESSOR XLII. 

ivi e: X I c o . 


1. Mexico was fii*st 
settled by the Spaniards. 
Hernando Cortes, wllo^ 
penetrated to the city 
of Mexico, achieved its 
conquest. 

2. The natives were 
more civilized than in 
other portions of North 
America. 

3. Guatimozin, the Mex- 
ican king, was put to death 
for refusing to give np his 
treasures. 



General Santa Anna. 


4 . Mexico is noted for its lofty volcanic mountains, and its. 
mines of gold and silver, which have yielded an immense 
amount of wealth. The productions are Indian corn, tobacco, 

XLII. — By whom w^as Mexico settled ? 1. Who conquered it? 1. What 
^vas tlie character of the natives ? 2. What became of Guatimozin ? 3. 
Bor what is Mexico noted ? 4. What are the productions ? 4. 


MEXICO 


90 


indigo, sugar, cotton, cocliineal, mahogany, logwood, and a 
great variety of fruit and grain. 

6. Mexico^ tlie capital city, is situate^l on a lake, iii the midst 
of a fertile valley. Yera Cru 2 ^ is the chief seaport. 

6. Gitanaxuato^ is noted for its silver mines; Puebla^ for 
its richly decorated religious edifices. 

7. The religion is Catholic ; the government, republican. 





Celebration of the Installation of Santa Anna, as President of Mexico. 


What is said of the capital ? 5. What is the chief seaport ? 5. For 
what is Guanaxuato noted ? G. For what, Puebla ? 6. What is the reli- 
gion ? 7. ^VTiat, the government ? 7. 

* Va'-ra-crooce. * G wa-na-wha'^to. ^ 

1 

j 1 

) 5 




Cr K O G K A r II Y 


1 00 


LESSOR XUll. 

G U A T I M A L A OR CENTRAL AMERICA. 



Traveller restin" at Niprht. 

• 

1. Guatimala was settled by the Spaniards, about the. same 
time as Mexico, to which it formerly belonged. 

2. It is a rich and fertile country, noted for its warm climate, - 
numerous volcanoes, and beautiful scenery. 

XLIIT. — By whom was Guatimala settled? 1. To whom did it formerly 
oeloiip^ ? 1. What is said of the country ? 2, For what is it noted ? 2. 

> 


U A T I M A h A 


101 



What is said of the people ? 3. What, of the mahogany tree ? 4. AVhat 
ruins liere ? 5. When were they built ? 5. What are the government and 
religion ? 6. What, the climate, soil, <^c. ? 6. 


Cocoa Nut carved by a native Indian. 

3. Tlie people are more intelligent and capable of self- 
government than the Mexicans. 

4. The mahogany tree is a native of this region. Large 
quantities are exported. 

5. Here are ruins of vast cities, overgrown by trees and 
shrubs. They are supposed to have been built several thou- 
sand years ago. The most remarkable is Palenque, 

6. The government is republican ; the religion, Catholic. 
Tlie climate, soil, and productions are much the same as those 
of Mexico. 


102 


GKOGEAPIIT 


LESS0i\ XLIY. 


AV E S T INDIA ISLANDS 


Trucking Mahogany. 

1. The West Indies, which lie in the Atlantic between 
North and South America, are populous and productive, 

2. They were supposed, at first, to form a portion of India, 
in the Eastern Hemisphere; and hence the word ‘‘West” 
was prefixed to distinguish them. 

XLIY. — Where are the West Indies? 1. What is said of them? 1. 
Why called TVest Indies? 2. 



WEST INDIA ISLANDS 




Jamaica Sugar Plantations. 


3. St. Do-miii'-go, one of the largest islands, was discov- 
ered by Columbus on liis first voyage. 

4. This island, now called Hayti (Ha'-te,) is independent. 
The negroes at first formed a Kepublic, which they now call 
an empire. Port au Prince {o-pr ince^ or prance in French) 
is the Capital. Mahogany abounds here. 

5. The remains of Columbus are entombed at Havana, 
{Ilav-an-a^ or a-vd-na in Spanish^ a beautiful city in Cuba. 

6. Turk’s Island is celebrated for salt ; Jamaica, for rum. 

Who discovered St. Domingo ? 3. What is it now called ? 4. What is 
the government? 4. What is the capital? 4. What abounds here? 4. 
Where are the remains of Columbus entombed ? 5. For what is Turk’s 
Island famous ? 6. For what, Jamaica ? 6. 



104 


a E O G R A P II Y 


MAP OF SOUTH' A MEKICA. 


13 a w. 17 Lom^ . 

ST I “^VEST - 

LAl l—J- i 

7 ■SlU.rU'io E* 


^7 L o n E . from i ng I qit - 




0 


OTTlTr/‘^°P‘'>'-'’.l4-''^” ’■ 
ST yl/O \.-J±h 


9 , 


George toAvn. 

rama^ribo 



renne 





— ST !,• 

Guajac[uil o'i&Q^ 

Ciieii^'a® ' 

I C.lB^icovj 

^ Truxill^ 

I 

I ■'T' 

Cailao^XTMA 



— Ecmnl- 

■ *■■ "’ "j i t jA ■ ■ ■ a. 


or 


fc20A 





anliam 

^ '“^SL.'Rnqno 

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cf 

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mo 


'AJLIUCS 

4m. 


JANEIU^ 





iTiinidacl Is. j 

' 


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arLalcgre 


4,0 



SA’NTIAGOl^lg ^ V NILJ5-]\«>A'TEVIDE0 
Coiicev[lo«M!t,^^“^''-'l tie laPlata. 

V V \ ^ ^ llUENOsZi.YH.ES 

^ ZryT^fl 5^&di’3Unton[ 

\ ?► S.Cnrlussltl'3 ^ 3 I ) 

\ aw.oEim%\^ -S_ I. I 


•.®®2 CC^-°^ St.Gcoi-ge' 

'-m§S <rQrtlnesii-o 


Sr.O] 


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SU'aUofMagellati 




’.fat.kland is. 


Tei;raaelKiego^^^-p|3toBKj / 




LongAY.from GTeeiiwieli 70 


50 


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s.f.tiAKER sc.nr. 



MAP OF SOU T 11 A ?.[ K K I A . 


105 


LESSON XLY 


New Granada. — What division in the northwest of South America? N-Ga. 
L’ounJ it? Cn. Sa: Va : Er : Capital? Ba.^ The second town ? Pn.^ 

What isthmus unites JSew Granada and ISortli America? l)n.^ or Pan-a-ma'. 
What is its least width? Twenty-eight miles. 

Yenezuela, Guiana, and Ecuador. — Bound Venezuela? C-Sea : Ac. and Ga : 
Bl; N-Ga. What river? Oo. Capital and largest town ? Cs.‘‘ Bound Guiana ? 
Ac: Ai. and Bl : Bl ; Va. and Bl. What towns? Gn. Po.^ Ce.® What islands 
north of it? W-Is. Bound Ecuador ? N-(ila: Bl : Pii: Pc. YVhat tcwrs^on or 
near the coast ? Qo.'' Gl.® Ca.‘** Capital? Qc. Divisions of Guiana ? English. 
Fieneh, ani Dutch. 

Per j, Bouvia, and Chili. — Bound Peru? Er : Bl. and Ba : Ba: Pc. Chief 
towns? J.a. Co.^^ What cape on the northwest? Bo. O^ajiital? La. Bound 
Bolivia? Bl: Bl. and Py: B-As. andCi: Pc. and Pin The largest towm ? L. Pz. 
Capital? Oa. What mcuntains ? Sa. Bound Chili ? Ba : B-As : Pa : Pc. Chief 
towns? So. Valparaiso. What islands west of Chili? Ex J-Fz. 

Buen)s Ayres, Uruguay, and Paraguay. — Bound Buenos Ayres? Ba : Py. Bl. 
and Uy : Pa and Ac: Cl. I3a. Chief towns? B-As. Ma. Wlrch and on what 
river is the capital? B-As. on R-d-l-Pa. Bound Uruguay? Bl : Ac: Ac: B-As. 
Which, and on what river is the capital ? NIo.^^ or R-d-l-Fa. Bound Paraguay ? 
Bl; Bl : B-As: B-x\s. and Ba. Wiiich, and on what river is the capital? An. 
on Paraguay. What lake partly in Bolivia and partly in Peru? Ta. 

Brazil. — Bound it on the nortli ? N-Ga. Va. Ga. and Ac. On the east? Ac. 
On the south ? L’y. and Ac. On the west? I3-As. Py. Ba. Pu. and Er. C^apital? 
R-Jo. Ch ef towns? R-Jo. Ba. l^o. NIni. LVhat mines? Gd. Iid. Inhabitants 
in the northwest? Is. Principal river? An. Its important branches? No. Ma. 
Av.^® Na How far can large shijis sail up the Amazon? iVlmost to the Pacific. 
What cape on the coast? S-Re. 

P.vtagonia, — What is the most sdithern division of South America? Pa. By 
whom is it ’nhal>;tcd? By Indians six feet high or more. What islands east 
of it? FI. x\a. Ga. What one south of it? T-d-Fo. What cape near it ? Hu. 
Wliat strait between the island and continent? Mn. What gulf on tlie west? Td. 

Which is the most eastern cape of South America ? S-Re. Which, tlie most 
western ? Bo. What sea on the nortli ? ('^n. What cluster of islands? W-Is. 

What chain of mountains stretch along the western coast of South America, 
nearly through its whole extent ? As. What are the principal divisions of South 
America ? N-Ga. Va. Ga. Er. Pu. ,Ba. Bl. Cl. B-xNs. Pv. Uy. Pa. 


*Bi-go-ta'. ^Po-pa-yan'. ^ Da'-re-en. '*Cdr-ac'as or rather Ka-ra-kas. 
^Par-a-mar' e-bo. ®KI-enn'. ’’^Kee'-to. ®Gui-a-keel. ^Kwen'kL ^®Lee'-m^. 


Kal-H'-o. Mon-ta-vee'-da-o. x\r-a-gwi'. 


IOC 


G E O (J E A P n Y . 

LESSON XLYL 

K o u T n A M p: e j: a . 



Wc'® 


Entrance to a Public Garden at Rio Janeiroi. 


1. South Amekica is divided into Guiana^, Yenezuela^, 
jSTew Gra-na'-da, Ecuador^, Peru^, Bolivia®, Ghili", Paraguay'', 
Uruguay®, Buenos Ayres^®, Patagonia, and BraziP\ 

2. Brazil is an empire ; Guiana is a colony ; Patagonia is 
inhabited chiefly by the Indians. The rest are republics. 


XLVI. — How is South America divided? 1. What is the government 
ot Brazil ? 2. Guiana ? 2. By whom is Patagonia inhabited ? 2. What 
is the government of the other States ? 2. 

* lli-o-jaii'-ee-ro. 

**' Pe-roo'. 

U-ru-gwa'. 


^ Ge-a'-iia. 

• ® Bo lee'-vc-a. 
Bo'-nos-a'-rlz. 


® Veii-ez-wo'-la. ^ Ek-wa-dore'. 

Chil'-le or Chee'-le. ® Par-a-guay'. 
^^Braz-jT or Bra-zeeh. 



SOUTH A M E II I C A 


107 


3. South America was settled by the Spaniards, the most 
noted of wdioin was Pizarro, the coiicpieror of Peru. 

1. The ancient Peruvians were governed by Incas, and 
resembled, in some respects, the Mexicans. Peru and Chili 
are n:ted for their gold and silver mines. 

5. Brazil is noted for its mahogany, rose-wood, dye-woods, 
;ind mines of gold, silver, and diamonds. 



A Shop in British Guiana. 


By whom was South America first settled ? 3. Who was the most 
noted ? 3. What is said of the ancient Peruvians ? 4. For what are Pei'u 
and Chili noted? 4. For what is Brazil noted? 5. 


108 


G E O U li A P H Y 



Digging for Diamonds. 


6. The lama is an animal peculiar to Peru : it resembles a 
sheep, but is larger. It is used as a beast of burden, and can 
carry about one hundred and fifty pounds. 

Y. Yenezuela, Buenos Ayres, Uruguay, and Paraguay, are 
noted for their extensive plains, called Pamjpas. 

8. On these plains, vast herds of horses and cattle roam, 
which are hunted chieflv for their hides and tallow. 

c/ 

9. Bolivia was named after General Simon Bolivar, wlio 
achieved its independence. 

What animal is peculiar to Peru ? 6. What is said of it ? 6. What 
places are noted for Pampas ? 7. 

What is said of these plains ? 8. From whom was Bolivia named ? 9. 


SOUTH AMERICA 


109 


10. In Bolivia are the 

mines of Potcsi, once con- 

« ' 

sidered the richest in tlie 
world. 

11. Bogota^ the capital of 
Xew Granada, is a mag- 
nificent city. Lima, the 

%j ' 

capital of Peru, is noted 
for its splendid public 
building’s. 

12. CuzGO^ (Koos-Tco^ in 
Peru, was once the residence 
of the Licas^ or native sove- 
reigns, and contained a mag- 
nificent temple of the sun, 
gorgeously decorated with 
silver and gold. 



Ostrich atul her 


13. San-ti-a-go^ in Chili, is beautifully situated in the midst 
of a fertile plain. Valparaiso ( Yal-])ar-i-so) is a seaport. 

14. Buenos Ayres ^ the capital of Buenos Ayres, is the em- 
porium of trade in that part of South America. 


What is said of the mines of Bolivia ? 10. What, of Bogota ? 11. What, 
of Lima ? 11. AYliat, of Cuzco ? 12. AVhat did it contain? 12. 

H ~)\v is Santiago situated ? 13. Of what is Buenos Ayres the capital ? 14, 
What is said of it? 14. What, of Valparaiso ? 13. 


^ This is the Ostr’eh of Asia and Africa ; that of South America has tliree-toed 
feeL its liead and neck completely covered with feathers, with plumes on its wings. 


no 


G E O G K A P ir Y 



Coffee Plantation in Brazil. 

\ 

15. Brazil was settled by tlie Portuguese, and continued a 
royal province until 1823\ when it became inde])endent. 

16. It is now ruled as an empire, by Don Pedro II. of the 
royal family in Portugal. He is the only monarch on tlie 
American Continent. 


By wliom was Brazil settled? 15. What was it until 1823? 15. What 
is it now ? 16. By whom is it ruled ? 16. What is said of him ? 16. 


* E’irhteen hundred and twenty-three. 


k 


SOUTH AMEKICA. 


Ill 


17. Rio de Janeiro or Rio^ the capital of Brazil, is the resi- 
dence of the Emperor. San Sal-va-ddr’ or Bahia {Ba-ee'-a) 
and Pernambuco^ in Brazil, are thriving places of trade. 

18. Quito is the capital of Ecpiador, and is situated on tlie 
side of the volcanic mountain Pinchinclia, ahout two mil 
above the level of the 
sea. 


es 



19. The Andes moun- 
tains are noted for their 
crreat height and terrible 
volcanoes. 

20. The Amazon is 
the largest river in the 
world. 

21. The people of South 
America are not remarka- 
ble for enter23rise or intel- 
ligence. 

22. The climate is gen- 
erally warm, and the soil 
productive. 


Rope Bridge in South America. 



"VYliat is said of Eio Janeiro? 17. Which are thriving places in Brazil ? 
17. What is the capital of Equador ? 18. 

Where is it situated ? 18. What mountains are in South America ? 19. 
For what are they noted? 19. 

Wliat is said of the Amazon ? 20. What, of the people ? 21. What, of 
the climate and soil ? 22. 


U2 


G E O G E A r II Y 


MAP OP E U E 0 r E . 


4)0 


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87 Long. East. froiiLAV'asliiiagton 107 



S.f.fiy.«£H SC.Wf. 


MAP OF EUROPE. 


1 1 


LESSON XLVIT. 


W HAT country in the nortlieast of Europe ? Ra. AVhat, in the northwest ? Ny. 
8n. Ld. In the west? B-Is. In the southeast? Ty. Ge. In the southwest? Sn. 
PI. In the south ? ly. In the interior ? Fe. Aa. Pa. I)k. Hr. Bm. Holland 
and Switzerland. 

What mountains in the northeast? Ul. In the southeast? Cn. South ? Bn. 
Southwest? Ps. What rivers in the east? Va. Ul. Dn. In the south? Dr. De. 
In the west? Le. What seas in the north? Nh. Be. We. Wliat ocean? A-On. 

WhatfiTulfs in the north ? Bn. Fd. What lakes? La. On. What seas in the south ? 
Mn. Ma. Bk. Av. Cn. What gulfs? Ve. To. Whatstrait on the southwest? Gr. What 
bay on the west? By. What ocean ? Ac. What islands in the northeast? K-Za. Kv. 

What islands in the Mediterranean? Cs. Ca. Sv- Ma. Sa. Ca. Ma. What, on the 
west of Europe? B-Is. Hs. Sd. Fe. Id. What volcano in Sicily? Ea. What one 
in Iceland? Ha. What one in Italy ? Vs. 

Russia. — AVhat countries around it? Ty. Aa. Pa. Sn. What rivers has it? 
Ul. Va. Dn. Dr. Lakes? La. Oa. Chief towns? S-Pg. Mw. Ww. Capital? S-Pg. 

Sweden, Norwa.y, and Denmark. — Capital and largest town of Sweden? Srm 
The capital of Norway ? Ca. What remarkable whirlpool on the coast? Mm. 
What is the capital of Denmark? Cn. On what island is it? Zeland. 

British Isles. — What ocean and sea around them? Ac. N-Sea. What are the 
four divisions ? Ed. Ws. Sd. Id. What sea between Great Britain and Ireland ? 
Ih. What islands on the north? Hs. Sd. Fe. Capitals? Ln. Eg. Dn. 

France, Spain, and Portugal. — Bound France? Bm. and English Channel: 
Pa. and ly: Sn. and M-Sea: B-of-By. and Ac. River? Le. Capital and lai*g- 
est town? Ps. Bound Spain? Fe. and By: Mn : NIn : PI. and Ac. What 
mountains? Ps. Capital and largest town? Md. AVhat country and ocean 
around Portugal ? Sn. Ac. Capital ? Ln. 

Belgium, Holland, and Hanover. — What countries and sea around them? 
Pa. Dk. Fe. N-Sea. Capital of Belgium ? Bs. — of Hanover ? Hr. — of Holland? He. 

Prussia and Austria. — What countries on the east and west of Prussia? Ra. 
Fe. What sea on thonorth ? Be. Capital? Bn. What countries on the south 
and north of Austria? Ty. Pa. ly. Capital? Va. What river? De. 

Italy and Switzerland. — What gulf on the east of Italy? Ve. Sea on the 
south? Mn. Capital? Re. What mountains on the north? As. What I'iver? 
Tr. Towns? Re. Fe. Bound Switzerland ? Gy: Aa: ly: Fe. Capital? Be. 


Turkey and Greece. — What seas, gulf, and countries, around Turkey? Bk. 
Ma. Ty-in-Aa. Mn. Ge. G-of-Ve. Aa. Ra. Capital? Ce. Capital of Greece ? Aa. 


114 


G E O G K A 1> ir Y 


LESSON XLYIII. 

E Tr li O P E . 



Maelstrom on the Coast of Norway. 


1. Europe may be conveniently divided into two parts, 
IS^ortliern and Southern. 

2. Northern Europe comprises a large part of the liussian 
Empire, the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland, Holland, 
Belgium, VY\\^<&\^{Proo -she-a)^ Norway, Sweden,Denmark : — 

3. And Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, Wirtemberg; Avhich, 
with thirty other sovereignties and four free cities, form tlie 
German Empire or Confederation. 

e — 

XLYIII. — How may Eurojoo be divided? 1. What does Northern 
Europe comprise ? 2. What form the German Empire ? 3. 


E U R O r E 


115 


4. Soutlicrn Europe comprises tlie Kingdoms of Spain and 
Portugal ; the Empires of Austria, France, and Turkey ; the 
Pepublic of Switzerland ; and the petty monarchies of the 
Italian States. 

5. Pussia, Great Britain, France, Austria, and Prussia, are 
called tlie five great powers ; and if they can agree among 
themselves, the peace of Europe is secured. 



Reindeer, Lnpland. 


What kingdoms does Southern Europe comprise ? 4. What empires ? 4. 
AVhat republics ? 4. What other states ? 4. Which are the five most pow- 
erful nations ? 5. 


116 


GEOOllAPnY 



Coffee ]k)U3;; ct CoritrcaJilin ople. 

\ 


5. Great Britain, France, and Germany excel in tlie num- 
ber of their scientific and learned men. 

6. The climate and productions of Europe are similar, in 
some respects, to those of America. Euro])c is not remarka- 
ble for large lakes and rivers, or lofty mountains. 

7. Europe has numerous universities, wliich frequently 
contain from two to three thousand students. The prevailing 
religion is Catholic, v 


Which excel in learned men ? 
W'^hat is said of the lakes, etc. 
many students do they contain ? 


5. Plow are the climate and productions ? f. 
? r>. What, of the universities? 7. How 
7. What religion prevails ? 7. 


117 


N O li T H E li N E U K O 1‘ }C . 


LESSO?{ XLIX. 


N OK T II E li N E U Pw OPE AND F 11 A N C E . 

1. Sweden, Norway, and Denmark are cold coiintrii's. 
Their chief exports are fish, lumber, iron, etc. 

2. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland con- 
sists of two large islands in the Atlantic. The former com- 
prises England, Scotland, and Wales. 

THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND 

“First, William the Norman ; then William his son, 

Henry, Stephen, and Henry, then Richard and John, 

Nest, Henry the Third ; Edwards, one, two, and three. 

And again, after Pachard, three Henrys we see ; 

Two Edwards, third Richard, if I rightly guess ; 

Two Henrys, sixth Edward, Queen Mary, Queen Bess ; 

Then Jamie, the Scotchman, then Charles whom they slow. 

Yet received, after Cromwell, another Charles too. 

Next James the Second ascended the throne. 

Then good William and Mary together came on. 

Till Anne, Georges four, and fourth William all pasr. 

God sent us Victoria — may she long be the last I" 

XLIX.— What is said of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark? 1. What 
are their exports? 1. Of what do Great Britain and Ireland consist? 2. 

What does Great Britain comprise? 2. Repeat the list of English 
Sovereigns in Poetry ? 2. 


118 


GEOGKAPIIY. 


3 Great Britain is a wealthy and powerful nation, exten- 
sively engaged in coiiiiiierce and manufactures. 



4. Its navy 
is tlie most ef- 
ficient in the 
world. 

5. London^ on 
the Thames, the 
capital of Eng- 
land, and the 
metropolis of the 
British Empire, 
is the largest 
commercial city 
in the world. 

6. It contains 
about two mil- 
lions three hun- 
dred and sixty- 
two thousand of 
inhabitants. 


Tannol under the Thames. 


What is said of the British nation? 3. In what is 
gaged ? 3. What is said of its navy ? 4. 

What is the capital of England ? 5. Describe it ? 5. 
lation ? 6. How many times larger than New York is it? 


it extensively en- 


"Wliat is its popu- 
Almost five times. 


119 


NORTHEKN EUROPE. 


7. It covers nearly twenty-one tlionsancl acres, tliickly 
planted witli houses, mostly three, four and five stories high, 
and has fourteen thousand streets. In one street, more than 
seven thousand vehicles pass daily. 

8. Livev])ool^ Bristol^ IIuU^ and Newcastle^ are seaports. 
Manchester is noted for its cotton manufacture, Leeds for 
woollen, and Birininglicim and Slteijield for liardware. 

9. Oxford and Camhridge are noted for their universities ; 
Portsmouth and ILymoutf for their naval stations ; Bath^ 
for its hot mineral springs. 



How many acres does London cover ? 7. How many streets has it ? 7 
How many vehicles pass daily in a single street ? 7. What cities arc sea- 
ports? 8. Which are noted for their manufactures of cotton? 8. AVhich, 
for woollen ? 8. Which, for hardware ? 8. Which, for their universities ? 
9. For what are Portsmouth, Plymouth, and Bath noted ? 9. 


120 


GEOGEAPIIY 


r 



Fingal’s Cave, Scotland. 


10. Ed'hilmrglh (Ed'-in-biir-ro), tlio capital of Scotland, is 
noted for its university, its elegant streets, and public bnild- 
ings ; Glasgow (Glas'-go), for its commerce and manufactures. 

11. Duh'-lin^ the capital of Ireland, is the seat oftlie Lord 
Lieutenant's government. 

12. E^ext to Great Britain, France lias the largest navy, 
and is reckoned among the most enlightened and powerful 
nations of Europe. 

For what is Edinburgh noted? 10. For what, Glasgow ? 10. What is 
said of Dublin? 11. What, of the navy of France? 12. What is she con- 
sidered? 12. 


N O li T II E K N E U E O P E . 


121 


13. France is a:enerally level and fertile. In tlie south, 
t!ie vine grows in perfection. Wine, besides being a very 
coinmoii beverage, is exported in large cpiantities. 

14. At his death, every man’s property is divided equally 
among his children, which makes many small proprietors. 
In England, tlie eldest son inherits the titles of his father, 
and most of the property. 

15. The French are extensively engaged in the manufacture 
(4‘ silks, wnnes, brandy, etc. 



Windsor Castle, England. 


'i7hat is said of the climate, soil, and wine of France? 13. What of the 
dtvdsion of property? 14. What of it in England? 14. What arc the chief 
manufactures of France ? 1 “). 


G 



122 GEOGRAPHY. 



Jacob’s Ladder, at Ramsgate, a watering place near Margate, in England. 

16. ISTapoleon Bonaparte, tlie greatest General of modern 
times, was a citizen of France. 

17. Paris\ on both sides of the river Seine^, is tlie capital 
of France, and contains over a million of people. 

18. Lyons'' is noted for silk manufactures ; Yersailles^ ^ for 
its royal palace, and Bordeaux'' ^ for its exportation of wine. 

19. The Belgians are a manufacturing people, who resem- 
ble the French. 

20. The Hollanders, or Dutch, were formerly a great com- 
mercial people. They are now chiefly employed in manu- 
factures. 


AVliat was Napoleon? IG. What is said of Paris? 17. 
Lyons noted? 18. For what, Versailles and Bordeaux? 18. 
Belgians ? 10. What is said of the Hollanders? 20. 


For what is 
What are the 


' Par'ds (Fr. Pa-re'). 


Sane. 


^Le'-oiie. 


^ Ver-sailz'. 


‘ Bor-do'. 


N 


KOKTHEKN EUROPE. 123 

21. The Germans are a manufacturing peoj^le. The art of 
printing was inventecT in Germany. 

22. The Russian {lioo'-she-an) Empire is the most extensive 
in the world. The people are generally unenlightened. 

23. The capital is St, Petersburg,^ a place of great wealth 
and splendor. Moscow^ formerly the capital, was burnt in 
1812', to prevent its being taken by Xapoleon. 



Laplander, Reindeer and Sledge. 


What is said of the Germans? 21. What of printing? 21. What of 
the Russian Empire? 22. AYhat of St. Petersburg? 23. What of Mos- 
cow ? 23. 


^ Ix-yent'-ed, discovered, found out. ^ Eighteen hundred and twelve. 


12-i 


O K O O K A P JI Y . 


LESSON I. 


S O U T II K E N E U E O 1' K 



Escurial or Royal Residence, five miles from Madrid, in Spain. 

1. Spain w^s, at one time, the most wealthy, and the 
most powerful kingdom of Europe. The capital is 2f ad-rid' 
{Mad-7 'ecd! in Spanish). 

2. The fortress of Gibraltar, in Spain, is one of the strong- 
est in the world, and belonors to the En<dish. 


L. — NVliat is said of Spain? 1. What is the capital ? 1. AV^hat is said of 
the fortress of Gibraltar ? 2. 



The Promontory of Gibraltar, 


3. Portugal, like Spain, produces wines, oranges, and other 
fine fruits. 

4. Lisbon^ the capital of Portugal, was destroyed by an 
eartlnpiake, in 1775 : But has since been rebuilt. 

5. Austria, Prussia, and the smaller German States, form 
what is called the Germanic Confederation. 

6. Tlie chief cities of Germany are Vienna in Austria ; 
Berlin in Prussia ; and Frankfort^ the capital. 


What is said of Portugal ? 3. In what year was Lisbon destroyed ? 4. 
What States compose the Germanic Confederation ? 5. What are the chief 
cities of Germany? 6. 


G E O Cr il A r II Y 


1 -) 
a. w 


G 


7.' \ ieniia ( T i-en'-na^ is noted for its valuable library, 'wliieli 
contains one liimclred thousand printed books, and ten tlioii- 
sand manuscripts. 


8. Switzerland was formerly part of Germany. It is noted 
for its beautiful lakes and lofty mountains. 

9. The deliverer of Switzerland was William Tell, who 

/ 

shot the tyrant Gesler, on the banks of lake Lucerne. 



William Tell. ' 

10. The Italians are a luxurious people. Tlieir principal 
products are wines and silks. 


What is stiid of Yknna ? 7. What of Switzerland ? 8. Who was her 
delivei'er? 9. What is said of the Italians? 10. llicir products ? 10, 




SOUTHERN EUROPE. 


]27 


i 


11. Itome^ ill Italy, was formerly tlie most powerful and 
wealthy city in the world. It is the residence of the Pope, 
or head of the Roman Catholic Church. 


12. Turkey includes two great divisions, namely, Turkey 
in Europe and Turkey in Asia. It is inhabited by a people 
who profess the Mahometan religion. 

13. Constantinople^ the capital, is noted for its magnilicent 
palaces and mosques. 



A Mosque at Constantinople. 


t 


Wliat is said of Borne in Italy ? 11. "Wlio resides there ? 11. "Wliat do(‘-s 
Turkey include ? 12. What is the religion of the people who inhabit it ? 12, 
For what is Constantinople noted ? 13. 







3011 poiv; 


128 


G E O G li A P II Y 


MAP OF ASIA. 



CLAHS Si 


MAP OF ASIA. 


129 


LESSON LI. 

What empires in the east? Ce. JiiL What countries in the west ? Aa. Ty. Ga. 
What, in the north ? Sa. What, in the south ? Am. Sm. Bh. Hn. What is the 
general name of the southern part? la*. What country N. W. of India? P-Ee. 
What one north of the last ? I-Ty. 

What mountains near the centre ? Ay. What, in the south ? Hh. What, in the 
northwest? Ul. What grand divisions do the Ural mountains separate? Ee. andAa. 

What ocean on the east? Pc. What seas? Ok^ Jn. Yw. Ca. What seas on the 
west? Cn. Bk. Rd. Mn. What one in Tartary ? AP. What gulf on the west? Pn. 

What ocean on the north ? Nn. What on the south ? In. What sea on the 
south? Aa. What strait? Bl. What bay ? Bl. What gulf? Sm. 

What islands in the northern ocean ? N-Za. N-Sa. What islands on the east? 
An. Sn. Jo. Un. Which belong to the empire of Japan? Jo. Nn. 

What islands on the southeast? Pe. Bo. Cs. Sa. Ja. Aa. What, on the south- 
west? Cn. Ls. Ms. Se. Mr. What isthmus in the west? Sz. 

What rivers in the east? Ar. II-Ho®. What, in the north ? Oi. Yi®. LaL What 
rivers in the south ? Is. and Ganges in the east of Hindostan. 

Russian Empire. — Of what empire does Siberia form a part? R-Ee. Chief 
town? Tk. What is the capital? St. Petersburg in Europe. What cape? N-Et 

Chinese Empire. — What division lies in the southeast? Ca. What rivers in 
this empire? Ar. H-Ho. What wmll? G-Wl. The twm largest towns? Pn. Cn. 
Which is the capital? Pn. 

Birmah. — What countries on the esst and south? Am. Sm. What bay on the 
south ? Bl. What country on the north? C-Ee. Capital of Birmah ? Monchobo. 

Hindostan®. — What bay on the east? Bl. W^hat sea on the west? Aa. What 
mountains on the north ? Hh. Largest towm and capitals ? Benares : Ca. Ms. By. 

Persian Empire. — What country on the east ? Hn. What gulf on the west? 
Pn. What country on the north ? I-Ty. What sea, south ? Aa. Capital and 
largest town ? Tn.* Ispahan. What twm small countries on the north ? Ga. Ca.*® 

Independent Tartary. — What countries around it ? P-Ee. R-e. C-Ee. What 
sea near the centre? Al. Capital? Ba*L What mountains ? Hh. 

Arabia. — What gulf on the east? Pn. What sea on the wrest? Rd. W^hat sea 
and strait on the south? Aa. Bl. Capital and largest towm? Ma. Mt**. 

Turkey. — What seas border on it? Bk. Mn. Whnt is this part of Turkey 
sometimes called ? Turkey in Asia. Largest town ? Sa. 

* Jap an'. *In'-ia or In'di-a. *0-hotsk' (Russian pron.) ^ Ar'-al. ®Ho-ang'-h<» 

or Whang'-ho. ® Yen-e-sa'-e. Jjq' - im, (La-na\ Siberian pro.) ® Hin dos-tan'. 
® Teh-ho-ran'. Sir-kash'-e-a. **Bo-ka'-ra. **Mus-cat'. 


GEOGRAPHY 



LESSON III. 


ASIA. 



Benares. 


1. Asia is tlie largest and most fruitful of the grand divi- 
sions, and has more inhabitants than all the rest of the eartli, 
the number being about five hundred and ninety-six 
millions. 


T 


2. Asia is divided into Asiatic Russia or Siberia, Asiatic 
ni-key, Chinese Empire, Birman Empire, AflFghanistan, 


LTI. — What is said of the size, richness, etc. of Asia? 1. What, of its 
inhahifnn^^^ ? 1. TTow is Asia divided? 2. 


ASIA 


131 



Siberian Flax. 


A Female of India carrying Water. 


What took place ii Asia ? 2. AVhat is said of the northern part ? i>. 
What, of the southern part ? 3. What does Asia produce ? 4. 


{Af-ganris-tan\) Beloocliistan, {Bel-oo-chis4wi'j) Empire of 
Amini, Independent Tartaiy, Ilindostan', Persia, Arabia, etc. 
Most of the transactions recorded 
in the Bible, took place in Asia. 

3. Tlie northern part is barren 
and intensely cold; the southern, 

Warm and productive. 

4. Asia produces silk, cotton, 
rice, opium, spices, etc. 



132 G E 0 G E A r H Y . 



Male and Female Elephant, and Young. 


5. It has mines of gold, silver, and diamonds ; also, ele- 
pliants, lions, tigers, monkeys, anacondas, etc. 

6. The Banian or Indian fig-tree has branches extendin 
to the earth- which, taking root, form new trunks ; so that 
single tree extends itself to a complete grove. 

7. It has sometimes three thousand trunks, afifording room 
for seven thousand persons to repose under its shade. The 
natives erect houses and temples among its branches. 


Wliat mines are in Asia ? 5. What animals ? 5. W^liat remarkable tree ? 
6. What is said of its branches ? 6. What, of its trunks ? 7. 


P Cfq 





ASIA 


133 


8. Tlie ITimmaleli {IlUn-ma -la) mountains in Asia, are the 
highest on the surface of the globe, being a little less than 
five and one half miles above the level of the sea. 

9. Siberia is a cold country, inhabited by a barbarous race. 
Jermalem {Je-7nd -sa-lern) in Palestine, was the scene of our 
Saviour’s crucifixion. 

10. xVrabia is inhabited by a waindering race, the descend- 
ants of Ishmael {Ish' -ma-el). 



Arabian Horse. 


Which are the highest mountaias ? 8. What is said of Sil^eria ? 9. What 
of Jerusalem ? 9. By whom is Arabia inhabited ? 10. 



134 


GEOGKAPIIY. 


11. Mecea^ in Arabia, gave birth to Mahomet, the founder 
of the Mahometan religion. His tomb is at Medina, 

12. Persia was formerly the most magniticeiit empire in the 
world. A portion of Ilindostan, and the Birman Empire, 
are called British India. The capital is Calcutta, 

13. The religions of Asia are a mixture of idolatry arid 
superstition. The governments are monarchical. 

14. Jugge?maut^ ‘‘the lord of the world, is a town and 
(*elebrated temple of TIindostan, The chief street consists 
almost wholly of about fifty temples, interspersed wuth plan- 



Juprgernaut, drawn by Elephants. 


What is said of Mecca and Medina ? {Med-ee-na.) 11. What was Persia 
tVirmerly ? 12. IVhat are called British India ? 12. 

What is the capital? 12. IVliat are the religions of Asia? 13. "What are 
the governments ? 13. AYhat is Juggernaut ? 14. What is said of the chief 
street ? 14. 


ASIA. 


135 


tations. At the south end of it, stands the temple of the 
great idol Jug'-ger-naut. ^ 

15. The Hindoo pilgrim often throws Inmself under the 
wheels of the idol, to be crushed to death by it. 



Natives and Castes of India. 


16. The Chinese Empire is inhabited by an ingenious peo- 
ple, whose cliief articles of exportation are tea and silks. 
The principal cities of China are Pe-kin', Han-kin', and 
Can-ton'. 


Where does the idol stand ? 14. How do the pilgrims often destroy 
themselves ? 15. 

What is said of the people of the Chinese Empire ? 16. What articles do 
they export? 16. Which are the principal cities? 16. i 


GEOGEAPIIY 


or* 

■oO 


MAP OF AFRICA, 



Made II 


/'^■■WfS^r \ ‘ x/ •' rEZZ-;Al^-::f:\ ,?fV 


, , tv/ 0 , 

Cape-/,-^"“>^ — 
hliUiboSn^-' G 

liy-SW 


Af-V- A-/ ■^■■■■■•:iSW nvii'i^W XJ-MIE C C-A.\ 



SIERlU!t 

» I W 

ii 

X^roly Q '^, 

aJTLF OF\ 


..■rAscensioizl. 



& UX^ZEJ^ 


•L.OJVITGO ^ 

CV 

f St. SAIiiAPO; 


R c r uatoi:* 


V P-L ^ 


-£OJGOL4ft.coiJ 


ETHIOPIA ^ ^ 

. XTmzdcrin cj ^ 

:d^\^ J32zs/z7;te7z. /.J ^ ^ 


ol V 1 

t^iSt.HeleAa 


J C.Hegro;|^ 

QHIEA^ V 



. C4^/ L-/C>^7IX ••• • a v ■ \ 

ST.PHILIPE DE 

bengtSm^ P / ^ I 


. , SS^^WSK 





Tropic of Capricorn 1 1 ^ ^ y*7 v^ cf if o- 

JIM ^C,St:MaiyV 

-';rror'7~r'.' ^ ^ — 


■OTari(j<^ 


>r ^ / , V 


CAPE TOW.^ ,X> - r^P::f I X 

rr *'-f -n’l 1 \ ^ ^ 

\ _ \ 1 r / ' ^ 



67 


77 


H7 


97 


Lon €. E rtr om'WaslTiTi o n. 


tUM/i 


MAP OF AFKICA. 


137 


LESSON LIII. 


What countries in the northeast? Et. Na. Aa. What, in the north? Mo. As. 
Ts. Ti. Ba. \'f hat are the first four commonly called ? B-Ss. 

What large countries in the south ? L-Ga. S-Aa. Ea. What small ones ? Zs. 
Ma. Me. Zr. What, in the interior ? Sn. In the west ? Sa. Ga. What desert ? 
G-Bt. 

What sea in the northeast? Rd. What strait? Bl. What sea on the north ? 
Mn. What lake near the centre? Td. Who inhabit Ethiopia? W-Bn. 

What mountains on the north ? As. What mountains nearly cross this grand 
division ? Mn. What mountains in the southeast? La. What, in the south ? Sw. 

What river in the northeast? Ne. What, in the west? Nr. What, in the 
southwest? Co. Who inhabit South Africa? Hs. 

What large island on the east? Mr. What channel separates it from Africa ? 
Me. What cape on the south of this grand division ? G-He. 

What islands on the northwest? Ma. Cy. C-Ve. What strait on the north- 
west ? Gr. What does it divide ? Sn. from Mo. What coasts on the west ? 
Bt. ly. Gd. 

What is the capital of Barca ? Be. What oasis in the desert ? Fn. Capital? Mk. 

What towns in Nubia and Abyssinia ? Ba. Gr. AVhat towns in the central 
countries? Ce. Ba. So. To. So. What gulf south of Guinea? Ga. 

What towns on or near the southeast coast? Zs. Me. Ma. What, on the west? 
Lo. S-S-r. Aa. Ba. Bi. What are tlie western capes? Ve. Bo. Most eastern cape ? Gi. 

Barb ARY States. — Which are they? Mo. As. Ts. Ti. Their capitals? Mo. 
As. Ts. Ti. To what country does Algiers or Algeria belong? To France. 

What region in the desert belongs to Tripoli ? Fn : — comprising several 
inhabited oases. What channel separates Madagascar from the continent? Me. 

Egypt. — What country on the south? Na What river? Ne. Capital? Co. 
What isthmus here ? Sz. What islands north and northwest of Egypt? Cs. Ca. Sy. 

Liberia. — What republic on the western coast of Guinea? La. By whom was 
it founded? By liberated slaves and free blacks from the United States. Under 
whose auspices? The American Colonization Society, but is now independent. 

What is the population of the colony? About ten thousand, besides about 
seventy thousand natives. What is the chief town ? Monrovia. 

Si-er'-ra Le-one'. — What colony north of Liberia ? S-Le. Why was it so called ? 
From the Spanish, ‘ si-cr'-ra,’ mountainous, and ‘ le-on! ^ a lion : because it abound- 
ed in mountains and lions. To what nation does it belong? To Great Britain. 

To what nation does Cape Colony belong? Great Britain. Towns? Ce.-Tn. 


138 


GEOGEAPIIY 


LESSON LIT. 


AFRICA. 



Capetown, in South Africa. 


1. Africa is principally divided into Egypt and the Ear- 
bary States on the Mediterranean ; Liberia, Sierra Leone, 
Seneganibia, and Guinea, on the west ; Soutli Africa, Cape 
Colony, and Ethiopia, in the south; Nubia, Abyssinia, and 
Soudan {8oo<lan') in the middle. 

2. Owing to its extensive sandy deserts, the climate is 
several degrees warmer than that of Soutli America. 

LIY. — How is Africa dmdcd ? 1. What is said of the climate ? 2. 




AFRICA 


139 


3. Tlie people are generally idolaters or pagans, and show 
little signs of intelligence. Their complexion is mostly black. 

4. The chief articles of export are ivory and gold dust. 
The most remarkable animals are the elephant, lion, panther, 
rhinoceros, crocodile, giraffe, zebra, hyena, etc. 

5. In Egypt, four thousand years ago, while all the rest 
of tlie world was barbarous, the arts and sciences flourished 
and spread from thence to the adjoining nations. 



Lion carrying off a Hottentot 


What is the religion and complexion of the inhabitants ? 3. What are 
the chief articles of export ? 4. 

What are the most remarkable animals ? 4. What is said of Egypt ? 5. 


140 


GEOGKAPHY 



A Boat’s Crew attacked by a Boa Constrictor. 


0. Egypt is watered by the overflowing of tlie I^ile, which 
makes the soil very rich. Cairo (^Kl'-ro) is the chief city. 

Y. Madagascar is a large, fertile island, and rich in mine- 
rals. The inhabitants are negroes. 

8. The Islb: of BouRnon’ {Boor' -ion) belongs to France, and 
has a volcano wliich throws np fire so constantly, that seamen 
depend upon it as a light-honse. 

9. Mauritius, {Mau-rislv -e-us^ formerly called the isle of 
France, and St. TIel-e'-na, belong to the English. The latter 


How is Egypt 'watered ? G. What is said of Madagascar ? 7. What, of 
Bourbon ? 8. What, of Mauritius ? 9. For what is St. Helena noted ? 9. 


AFRICA 


141 


is remarkable as the place where K^apoleon was confined, the 
last six years of his life, and where he died. 

10. The Cape Yerde Islands are fourteen in number, and 
belong to Portugal. The Canary Islands are also fourteen in 
number, and belong to Spain. 

11. The Madeira {Mad-ee'-ra) Islands belong to Portugal. 
They are distinguished for their wines and fine climate. 

12. The Azores, {Az’-orz^) nine in number, belong to Portu- 
gal. They have a fine climate and fertile soil. 



^Vhat is said of the Cape Yerdes? 10. What, of the Madeiras? 11. 
What, of the Azores ? 12. 



142 


GKOGRAPHY. 


LESSON LV. 


MAP OF OCEANICA. 



ifS. S; v'S -1° 'S.W' /-. ^ i T^f~- ib 


Ecfu.a;boy| '\ 


2<r. Sj 


O. \ £v>^ ^ ^ - \ • 



\ \ * \ \ t V-*^; l / 1/ o n iW. f ir* o j ig AA^a slnin b Lon 



^'iGS 


1‘13 


128 


108 


88 


G8 


48 




* 28 


S.*.BiH£H SC. NY, 


OcEANicA. — In what ocean is Oceanica? Pc. What grand division on the north 
cast of Oceanica {0-she-an -c-Tca)^ H-Aa. What, on the northwest of it? Aa. 

What large island in the southwest ? Aa. or NT-Hd. What cape on the Avest ? 
IS'Wt. What archipelagoes in the north? Ms. As. What archipelago in the 
centre? Cl. 

What islands on the north and northwest of Australia? N-O. Mo. Cs. Bo. Ja. 
Sa. Ma. What island south of it ? Y-D-Ld. What islands east of Van Diemen’s 
IW? K-Zd. 


MAP OF OCEANICA. 


143 


What countries of Asia on the northwest ? Ca. la. What seas, islands, and 
town here? Jn. Yw. China Sea, Jo. Nn. Cn. What countries of America on 
the nortlieast '? U-Ss. Mo. What town and river are put down ? Aa. Ca. 

How is Oceanica divided ? Into Polynesia, Malaysia, and Australasia. Which 
lias the greatest number of islands ? Pa. Which contains the largest island ? Aa. 

What principal islands does Polynesia {Pol-e-nee’ -she-a) comprise? Sh. Sy. Fy. 
Ns. Ce. Pw. Le. What, Malaysia {Mal-a-she a)'^ Sa. Bo. Ja. Cs. Mo. Pe. 
What, Australasia {Aus-tral-a -she-a)'i Aa, N-Ga. N-Zd. Y-D-Ld. 

What strait divides the islands of New Zealand? Cs. What sea directly 
north of the Friendly Isles? C-Ao. What ocean lies partly on the Tvest of 
Australasia? In. What seas lie north of Malaysia ? Yw. and China. 

Australia. — How is it divided? N-Hd. N-S-Ws. What towns? B By. Ph. 
Ay. What town on Van Diemen’s Land? II-Tn. 



Death of Captain Cook. 

Which islands lie nearest to North America ? Sh. Whidi is the largest and 
most important of the Sandwich Islands ? Hi. How many are there in all ? 
Eleven. 

When, and by whom were they discovered? By Captain Cook in I'T'ZS. In 
honor of whom did he name them? The Earl of Sandwich. 

What happened to Captain Cook here ? He was inhumanly murdered by the 
natives. What important change has been effected in their cl: aracter since ? They 
have made great advances in religion, morality, and civilizaticn. By whose instru- 
mentality? That of benevolent missionaries, principally from the United States. 


144 


GEOGRAPHY 


LESSON LVI. 


OOEANICA. 



New Zealand Village. 


1. OoEANioA comprises most of the islands lying in tlie 
Pacific, between America on the east, and Asia and the Indian' 
Ocean, on the west. 

2. It is divided into Malaysia, Australasia, and Polynesia. 

3. Malaysia, sometimes called the East India Islands, is 
inhabited chiefly by the Malay race. 


LYI. — What docs Oceanica comprise ? 1. How is it divided ? 2. What 
is Malaysia sometimes called ? 3. By whom is it inhabited ? 3. 



OCEANICA 


145 


4. It embraces the Suncla, or Sumatra [Soo^ma! -trd) Islands ; 
Bor'-ne-o ; the Manilla or Phil'-ip-pine Islands ; Ceh-e-bes, and 
the Mo-luc-ca or Spice Islands. 

5. The productions are spices, gums, and a variety of 
fruits, which grow in great luxuriance. The animals are the 
rhinoceros, tiger, crocodile, and orang-outang. 

6. Australasia comprises Aus-tra'-li-a, Van Diemen’s 
Land, Pap'u-a or New Guinea, New Zealand, New Britain, 
New Heb'-rid-es, New Caledonia, and several others. 



Male and Female Orang-outang and Young. 


What islands does Malaysia embrace ? 4. What are the productions ? 5. 
What are the animals ? 5. What does Australasia comprise ? 6. 





146 


GEOGRAPHY. 


7. Australia is the largest island in the world, being two 

thousand four hundred miles long, and one thousand nine 

hundred and seventy, broad. 

«/ > 

8. It abounds in gold, coal, iron, and other valuable min- 
erals ; and produces oranges, lemons, wheat, barley, etc. 
The mcst remarkable animal is the kangaroo. 

9. Port Jackson or Botany Bay^ in the south of it, is a 
settlement of convicts or criminals, from Great Britain. 

10. Pap'-u-a {Pap' -oo-a) or New Guinea {Gin'-e) is inhab- 
ited by a coarse dark race, in a barbarous .state. Parrots and 
Birds of Paradise are found liere. 


11. The principal inhabitants are, the Papuas, meaning 
‘‘ frizzled hair,'’ and the Ilaraforas of the interior, living in 
trees, which they ascend by knotted poles. 


12. Polynesia, signifying ‘Gnany islands,” comprises the 
Pedew', Lad'-rone, Caroline, Sandwich, Marquesas {Mar-kaJ- 
sas\ Society, Friendly, Fee-jee, and Navigator’s Islands. 

13. The inhabitants are cliieflv of the Malay race. By the . 
exertions of Christian missionaries, many liave been induced 
to abandon their barbarous customs, and adopt the usages of 
civilized life. 


What is said of Australia? 7. In what does it abound ? 8. What are 
its productions ? 8. What is the most remarkable animal ? 8. 

AVhat settlement in the south of Australia? 9. By whom is New Guinea 
inhabited ? 10. What are found here ? 1 0. 

What do they consist of? 11. What does Polynesia comprise ? 12. What 
is said of the inhabitants ? 13. 


EXPORTS. 


147 


PEINCIPAL EXPOETS OF NATIONS, 

WITH THE COUNTRIES MOST NOTED FOR PRODUCING THOSE ARTICLES. 


RUM, SUGAR, MOLASSES, BRANDY, WINE. 

1. Rum and molasses from the West Indies. Siujar from the West Indies, 
Guiana, Colombia, Louisiana, and Brazil. Brandy from France. Wine from 
Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Cape of Good Hope, and the Canaries. 

TEA, COFFEE, SPICES. 

2. Tea from China and Japan. Coffee from Brazil, Colombia, Guiana, Arabia, 
and the Asiatic Isles. Spices, as pepper, cloves, nutmegs, camphor, etc., from 
the East Indies. 

oil", leather, hides. 

3. Whale Oil from Greenland, and the Pacific. Leather from Bussia, France, 
and the United States. Hides from the Barbary States, and South America. 

SILK, COTTON, WOOL. 

4. Silk from China, France, Hindostan, Italy, Japan, Persia, Spain, and Por- 
tugal. Cotton from the Southern States, Eg}' pt, Turkey, East and West Indies. 
Cotton Goods from China, Great Britain, Japan, United States. lUoo/ from 
Spain and Portugal. Woollen Goods from Great Britain, France, and Holland. 

LINENS, CARPETS, MUSLINS, LACES. 

5. lAnens from France, Germany, Great Britain, Holland, Russia, Ireland. 
Carpets and Muslins from Turkey. Jjaces from Holland and Great Britain. 

WHEAT, RICE, TOBACCO. 

6. Wheat from the Middle and Western States. Rice from Hindostan and 
the Southern States. Tobacco from the Southern States, and the West Indies. 

GOLD, SILVER, DIAMONDS, DYEWOODS, MAHOGANY, INDIGO. 

7. Gold and Silver froip Mexico and Soutli America. Gold and Diamonds from 
Africa and Brazil. Dyewoods from Brazil. Logwood and Mahogany from Guati- 
mala, Mexico, Jamaica, and St. Domingo. Indigo from the East and W est Indies. 

CODFISH, FURS, SALT, PORCELAIN. 

8. Codfish from Newfoundland. Furs from Russia and Oregon Territory. . 
Salt from Spain, England, Turks Island, and the United States. Porcelain 
Chinaware from China, Japan, and France. 


What countries export Rum, Sugar, and Molasses ? 1. What, Sugar ? 1. Brandy ? 1. Wine? 
1. Tea? 2. Coffee ? 2. Spices? 2. Oil? 3. Leather? 8. Hides? 3. Silk? 4. Cotton? 4. 
Cotton Goods? 4. Wool? 4. Woollen Goods? 4. Linens? 5. Carpets and Muslins? 5. 
Laces? 5. Wheat? 6. Rice? 6. Tobacco? 6. Gold? 7. Silver? 7. Diamonds? 7. Dye- 
woods? 7. Logwood and Mahogany ? 7. Indigo? 7. Codfish? 8. Furs? 8. Salt? 8. Por- 
celain? 8. 


148 


COMPARATIVE SIZE OF CITIES, 





te 


mm 


r^liigpl 




1 ckm' ) Almost five times as 
London, \ many as N. York. 

Paris, 2 times. 

('aiiton, 2 times. 


Jeddo, times. 

Hangtchoii, — l|- times. 

Benares, times. 

St. retersburt^, us many. 


Miako, many. 

Constaii’ple, 4-5® as many. 

Venice, 4-5 as manv. 

Nankin,- 4-5 as iruuv. 

7 ^ 


* Pekin is supposed by some to contain three millions of inhabitants, almost six times as many 
as New-York. i. 1 and 1 half. ‘i- 1 and 1 quarter. 3. 4-fifths. 


QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 149 


QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 


FIRST LESSON. 


What is Geography ? Page 9. What do 
the heavens and earth form? 9. What 
part of the earth’s surface is land ? 9. 

What part is water? Three-quarters. 

What are the divisions of water ? 17. 

What are rivers? 11. What is the source 
of rivers ? 11. 

What is the chief use of springs? 10. 

What springs are much celebrated ? 10. 

What are falls and cascades? 12. What 
are lakes ? 14. 

What is a gulf? 15. What is a strait? 

16. What strait between America and 
Asia ? Bs. p. 30. How wide is it ? Thirty- 
six miles. 

What is an archipelago ? 15. AVhat is a 
sea? 15. What is an ocean ? 17. AVhich is 
the largest? 17. What is its extent ? 17. 

Name a few seas on the eastern hem- 
isphere? Mn. Cn. Rd. Bk. Be. An. p. 32. ' 

How many oceans are there? 17. What 
are they? 17. What is the width of the Atlantic? 30. What, of the Pacific? 
30. What, of the Indian ? 32. 





■ ■ 



J 


On the same scale with London. 


What are the divisions of land ? 20. What is a coast? 20. Mountain? 18. 
Volcano? 18. Isthmus? 20. What noted isthmus on our continent? Dn. or 
PIn-a-ml'. 

What is a cape? 20. Which are the two most noted capes? Horn and Good 
Hope. What is a peninsula ? 20. Island? 15. Continent? 20. How many 
continents are there ? 28. What are they ? 28. 


150 QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 


On -which continent do you live ? Western. On which was Columbus born? 
Eastern. What is a hemisphere ? 27. Which parts of the map are North, 
South, East, and West? 22. What is a map? 22. 


SECOND LESSON. 

What is the form of the earth ? 24. How often does the earth turn round 
on its axis ? 25. What is the axis of the earth ? 25. What are the poles? 25. 

What causes day and night ? 25. What is the circumference of the earth ? 
26. What its diameter? 26. 

Repeat the poetry “ On the works of Creation ” ? 29. Bound North America 
by the map? (p. 30). N-On: Ac: S-Aa: Pc. What isthmus connects North 
and South America? 30. 

Bound South America? (p. 30.) N-Aa: Ac: S-On : Pc. Bound Europe? 
N-On : Aa: S-Aa: Ac. (p. 32.) What sea between it and Africa ? Mn. 32. 

Bound Asia? (p. 32.) N-On: Pc: I-On : Ee. Bvound Africa? (p. 32.) Ee: 
I-On. and Aa: S-On : Ac. What is a village? 84. Towm? 34. City 34. 
State ? 35. Capital town ? 35. Republic ? 35. Monarchy ? 35. Why is our 
own country often extolled so much ? 36. 

Repeat the succession of the presidents in poetry? 38. For what was Wash- 
ington early distinguished? 39. When was he born? 39. When and where 
did he die ? 40. 

How many inhabitants are there on the earth ? 42. How many die and are 
l)orn every minute ? 42. What are the races of men ? (See cover.) The prin- 
cipal religions? 44. When was the world created? 46. 

When did the deluge happen ? 46. When did our Saviour appear on earth? 
47. What is meant by A. D. ? 47. What, by A. M. ? 47. 

When, and by whom was America discovered? 48. Character of the In- 
dians? 51. What is said of the population of North America? 67. 

n 


QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 151 


What is said of the United States? 60. How are they divided? 59. How 
many and which States were originally British colonies? 61. How many are 
there now ? 60. Repeat them? 88 and 89. 


THIRD LESSOR. 


When was the Declaration of Independence published? 61. How long did 
the war last ? 62. When did the next war begin ? 62. 

What country bounds the United States on the north? B-Aa. What ocean 
on the east? Ac. 52. What country and gulf on the south? Mo. Mo. What 
ocean on the west ? Pc. 

What mountains in the United States ? 62. What is the capital of the 
United States? 64. What is said of it ? 65. AVhere is it situated ? 64. How large 
was the District of Columbia at first ? 64. Which part has been retroceded ? 65. 

How many square miles are ten miles square ? 64. What appears by the 
map, to be the chief productions of the United States? 65. Wdiat, the principal 
occupations ? Agriculture, Commerce, and Manufactures. 

How is your own State bounded ? What is the capital ? Other chief towns ? 
Name the New England States with their capitals ? 66. Me. Aa : N-He. Cd : 
Vt. Mr: Ms. Bn: R-Id. Pe. Nt: Ct. Hd. N-Hn. 


Name the Middle States and their capitals ? 74. N-Yk. Ay : Pa. Hg : N-Jy. 
Tn: De. Dr. In the same manner name the Southern States? 80. Md. As: Ya. 


Rd: N-Ca. Rh: S-Ca. Ca: Ga. Me: Fa. Te : Aa. My: Mi. Jn: La. B-Re : Ts. An. 


Name the Western States and their capitals ? 86. Go. Cs : Ky. Ft : Te. Ne : 
la. Is: Is. Sd : Mi. J-Cy : As. L-Rk : Mn. Lg: Wn. Mn: la. I-Cy: Ca. S-Je. 
Which are the Territories ? 89. 

Name the larger towns in the United States, in the order of their size ? N-Yk. 
in N-Yk: Pa. in Pa: Be. in Md : Bn. in Ms: N-Os. in La: Ci. in Ohio: Bn. 
in N-Yk: S-Ls. in Mi. Name the larger rivers? Mi. ML As. Rd. Oo. Te. 

What does British America comprise ? 96. Capital? Qc. 89. 


152 


QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 


What countries in the south of North America? Mo. Ga. 94. Capitals of 
each ? Mo. S-Sr. 94. 

How is South America divided? 106. Capitals of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and 
Uruguay? K-Jo. B-As. M-Yo. 106. Name some of the islands of the West In- 
dies? 94. Ca. Hi. Ja. and Caribbee. 


FOUETH LESSOX. / 

What does Northern Europe comprise? 114. What, Southern Europe? 115. 
Which are the five more powerful nations of Europe? 115. 

Which are the capitals of these nations ? Ln. Ps. Ya. S-Pg. Bn. 112. Which 
are the larger rivers ? Ya. De. Dr. 112. 

How is Asia divided ? 180. What are some of the more important capital 
townc ? Ce. in Ty : Pn. in Ca : Jo. in E-of-Jn : Ca. iiilln: Tn. in P-Ee. 128. 
Mountains of Asia ? 128. Hh. Ay. 

How is Africa divided ? 138. The capital of Egypt ? Co. 136. Name the 
Barbary States ? Mo. As. Ts. Ti. 136. What does Oceanica comprise? 144. 
What does Malaysia embrace ? 145. Polynesia? 146. 

Which is the largest river in the world ? An. in S-Aa. The largest island ? 
Australia. The highest mountains ? Hh. in Asia. The largest ocean ? Pc. 
The most extensive empire in the world ? The Russian. 

Which are the two largest cities in the world ? 148. How many inhabitants has 
each? 148. How many is Pekin supposed by some to contain? 148. Which, 
cities of the “ Old World” contain almost five times as many inhabitants as 
New York? AYhich, two times as many? Which, one and a half times? Which 
one and a quarter times ? AVhich, about as many ? Which, four-fifths as many ? 

Which is the largest town in America ? New York. The second? Philadel- 
phia in Pennsylvania. The third? Mexico in Mexico. The fourth? Rio Janeiro 
in Brazil. The fifth? Baltimore in Maryland. The sixth? Havana in Cuba. 
The seventh ? Boston in Massachusetts. The eighth ? New Orleans in Louisiana. 
The ninth ? Cincinnati in Ohio. The tenth ? Bahai or San Salvador in Brazil ; 
Brooklyn in New York; Buenos Ayres in Buenos Ayres ; St. Louis in Missouri. 


SUPPLEMENT. 

The following Lessons are necessary to complete a course: which, by keep- 
ing the development of the subject within its legitimate province, comprises all 
the main features of Geograpliy. (See p. 8.) 

LESSON I. 

THE ATTRACTION OF GRAVITATION. 

Q. What is the shape of the eartli ? 
(p. 24.) Who first demonstrated 
proved ’) it, by performing the 
daring enterprise of sailing round 
the earth ? 

A. Picaro, a commander of a 
ship in Magellan’s squadron. 

Magellan’s ship made the entire 
voyage A.D. 1519 ; though he was 
killed at the Philippine Isles on his 
homeward passage. He was the first 
navigator that entered the Pacific 
Ocean. 

Q. Do the people, who live on the side of the earth directly opposite to us, 
have their feet, or their heads towards ours ? (See the cut.) What are they 
thence called V' 

A. Our Antipodes’ ; i. e., those who stand/A^^ to feet, 

* Although our antipodes seem to us to have their heads downward ; we 
seem to them to have ours downward also; and in twelve hours, we shall be in 
their situation, and they in ours ; because in that time the earth turns just half 
round on its axis. Correctly speaking, however, up is any direction /row?, and 
doion, any direction to, the centre of the earth. 

^ An-tip'o-des, from two Greek words, a7iti, “ against,” or ‘‘ opposite to,” and 
podeSy “feet.” 



154 : 


GEOGRAPHY. 


Q. How are they, and all other objects, kept on the earth’s surface ? 

xV. By an invisible force called gravity^ that binds them to 

it, as truly as though they were lashed to it with cords.'’ 

Q. To what point in the earth is every thing attracted ? 

A. To its centre ; as a magnet attracts a needle. 


To sail eastward around the world, what ocean must you first cross? Ac. 
(p. 80.) What cape must you double or sail round? G-He. (p. 32.) What, 
ocean will you then enter ? In. What next ? Pc. In which hemisphere is this 
ocean? Partly in both. (pp. 30 and 32.) 

What cape do you double (‘ sail round’) on the AVestern Hemisphere, to reach 
home without sailing back ? Iln. AVliat course must you then take to complete 
the voyage ? In what ocean ? Ac. 

Will you point with your finger towards Europe ? — towards Brazil ? — Mexico ? 
— Africa ? — Oregon ? — Canada ? — AY ashington City ? — W est Indies ? — Sandwich 
Islands ? — Boston ? — ]?sew York? — Philadelphia ? — Cincinnati ? 

In travelling northerly from Cape Horn, on the western coast of South America, 
to the Isthmus of Darien, what island and strait would vou first cross? T-d-Fo. 
Mn. (p. 104.) AA^hat countries would you next visit? Pa. Ci. Ba. Pu. Er. N-Ga. 

AVhat countries would you cross, in continuing your journey to the Russian 
Possessions ? Ga. Mo. U-Ss. B-Aa. (p. 52.) AVere you to start from London in a 
southerly direction, to make the tour of Europe on its borders, what would you 
first cross? The Englisli Channel, between England and France. 

AVhat countries from thence to reach the Black Sea? Fc. Sn. PI. ly. Aa. Ty. 


Ge. (p. 112.) AA’^hat countries and sea to complete the tour? Ra. Ld. Xy. Sn. 
B-Sea. Dk. Hr. Hd. Bm. AV'hat countries do you cross, in travelling easterly 
from Turkey across the interior of Asia ? P-Ee. I-T}^ C-Ee. (128.) 



T R A A^ E I. S ON T H E MAP 


LAND AND WATER. 


155 


LESSON III. 

\ 

LAND AND WATEK. 

Q. How is the land on the earth’s surface agreeably diversified ? 

A. By hills and plains, mountains and valleys. 

Q. How is the bed of the ocean supposed to be diversified ? 

A. By the same natural features as the land. 

Q. In what respect do continents resemble oceans ? 

A. In extent ; the one being the largest portion of land, tlie 
other of water. 

Q. In what respect does an island resemble a lake ? 

A. In form ; the one being entirely surrounded by water, tlie 
other by land. 

Q. ‘VVhat does the aspect of islands in the ocean resemble ? 

A. Very much the aspect of lakes on land. 

In what respect do peninsulas resemble seas, gulfs, and l)ays ? 

A. In form ; the one being almost surrounded by land ; the 
other by water. 

(J. In what respect do isthmuses resemble straits and channels ? 

A. In form ; the one being a narrow strip of land ; the other 
of water. 

Q. What is the predominant color of the waters of the ocean ? 

A. A bluish green, and that of vegetation generally a pure 
green, a color the most grateful to the eye. 

In June, vegetation in our climate wears a beautiful aspect. 


"In that soft season, when descending showers 
Call forth the greem^ and wake the rising flowers 


156 


G E O G K A P II Y 


LESSON lY. 


FOG, VAPOR, CLOUDS, RAIN. 



Fog rising from the ocean and forming clouds, which produce rain, springs, and 

rivers running into the ocean. 

Q. Where does all the water of springs, brooks, and rivers, finally run ? 

A. It runs into the sea or ocean. 

The aspect of the hottest portions of land, without rain or water, is very 
much like the corresponding portions of the ocean, without breezes ; so accu- 
rately described in the ‘Ancient Mariner’ — 

" All in a hot and copper shy. 

The bloody sun, at noon, 

Right up above the mast did stand, 

No bigger than the moon." 


NATURAL DIVISIONS. 



Q. Do not all these streams raise the surface of the sea ? 

A. By no means ; the water goes hack again to the land. 

Q. In’ what form is this result produced ? 

A. In the form of clouds and rain. 

Although the water of the ocean is salt, rain water is not so ; because o»ly 
the fresh part rises in the form of vapor. 

Q. How are clouds produced from the w'ater of the earth ? 

A. By fog and vapor, which rise from the surface. 

The clouds formed in this manner, are driven by the wind over different por- 
tions of the earth ; and in this way, the earth is kept constantly supplied^ with 
refreshing showers of rain. 

Q. What causes fog and vapor to rise ? 

A. The warmth of the sun. 

“ But there went up a mist from the earth and watered the whole face of 
the ground.” — Bible. 

Q. What is this process called ? 

A. It is called evaporation^ 

• The “ drying up” of water, as we term it, is called evaporation, as steam 
rising from a vessel of hot water. Hay is made by evaporation. . 

Q. What appears to be the order in which clouds, rain, springs, &c., are 
formed ? 

Ans. The rain forms springs ; 

The springs form rivers ; 

The rivers run into the sea. 

The sea gives vapors ; 

The vapors form clouds ; 

The clouds give rain again. 

“ All the rivers run into the sea, and yet the sea is not full : into the place 
frcni whence the rivers come, thither do they return again.” — Bible. 

^ E-vap-o-ra'-tiox, (E vap-o-ra'-shun.) 


ESup-pu'eo, furnished, provided. 


158 


GEOGKAPHT. 


LESSON V. 

TIDES, ICEBERGS. 



Sailors procuring fresh water from an Iceberg. 


Q. What is the daily rise and fall of the ocean called ? 

A. It is called a tide. 

As the earth revolves^ the moon appears to move round it in twenty-four 
horn's and fifty minutes, or one lunar^ day. Hence, it must come opposite 
every side of the earth within that space of time ; and its attractive’ power 
raises the water of the ocean, and produces tides. 

Q. When the waters of the ocean are at their gi’eatest height, what are they 
called ? 

A. A flood tide or high water. 

Q. W^hat kind of a tide is it, when the waters are lowest ? 

A. An ebb tide or low water. 

^Re-volves, turns round. ’Lu'-nar, of the moon. ’ At-trag'-tive, drawing 
to, alluring. 


NATTJKAL DIVISIONS. 


15 & 


Q. When the tides are either higher or lower than usual, what is the name 
for each ? 

A. The former are spring tides ; the latter, neap tides. 

« 

Spring and neap tides occur twice every month ; and common tides twice 
every day; the latter vary in height at different places. 

In the Bay of Fundy, the tide rises from fifty to sixty feet; and often, so 
rapidly that cattle and swine on shore are overtaken and destroyed by it 

Q. What are those large masses or mountains of ice called, which some- 
times float down from the cold regions of the north, by the force of tides and 
currents ? 


A. They are called Icebergs, or Hills of ice. 


The cold regions near the northern and southern portions of the earth are 
constantly covered by mountainous heaps of ice, several hundred miles in extent. 

Icebergs are sometimes cov'ered by fog, so thick as to render them invisible^ 
Hence vessels are dashed to pieces against them, before the crew have had 
time to escat>e, 

X. 



Iceberj^, Fog, and Ship. 


Q. Of what service are these icebergs to 
seamen ? 

A. They sometimes furnish them 
with supplies of fresh water. 

This supply is drawn from the fresh 
water lakes which are formed on them by 
the warmth of the sun. 

Q. Are these icebergs ever dangerous ? 

A. Yes, ships are often dashed to 
pieces by them.* * 


* Icebergs are sometimes several miles long, and several thousand feet in 
width and height. Captain Wilkes, of the United States Exploring Expedi- 
tion, sailed along the side of one for several days in succession^ They are of 
a great variety of shape, and sometimes resemble a church, with doors and win- 
dows, in Gothic style. When the sun shines on them, they present a most 
dazzling and splendid appearance. 

* In-vis'-i-ble, out of sight, unseen, ® Suc-ces'sion, one after the other. 


160 


GEOGRAPHY 


LESSON YI. 


SALTNESS OF THE OCEAN VOLCANOES. 



Ocean, Harbor, Lighthouse. 


Q. Why is tlie water of the ocean kept in constant motion ? 

A. To keep it from becoming impure. 

Q. YVhat useful article does the ocean afford us, besides fish ? 

A. Salt^ for the support of animal life. 

Q. How is salt obtained either from the sea or from salt springs ? 

A. By evaporation from the heat of firOj or the sun. 

Large quantities of salt are made, by filling ponds with water from the sea, 
and allowing it to evaporate by exposure to the sun. 

Q. YVhat causes the water of the ocean, in different parts, to be nearly of the 
same temperature^ ? 

A. Its constant^ motion in tides and currents. 

Q. What effect does this temperature of the ocean produce on the land ? 

A. It cools it in summer and warms it in winter. 


^ Tem'per-a-ture, degree of heat. ^ Con'-stant, uniform, unchanging. 



VOLCANOES. 


161 


Q. How are islands sometimes formed in the ocean ? 

A. By volcanic action, earthquakes, and the coral insect. 



and become stationary, as 
up to the surface of tlio 


Some islands appear, then disappear ; others appear, i 
the Canary, all of which are of volcanic origin. EJorida 
water, is said to be the work of the coral insect. 

Q. What is said of islands? (See Ee- 

mark.) What, of Florida? In what 

form does the lava of volcanoes frequently 

issue from their craters ? 

A. In the form of jets, spouts, 
or streams of liquid fire. 

The sudden bursting forth of a volcano 
is called an eruption. 

Q. How high does the lava rise ? 

A. Sometimes nearly two miles. 


Q. How far have masses of rock been 
projected by them ? 

A. To the distance of nine miles. 


Volcano in the sea. 


Cotopaxi, on the Andes, has projected 
a block of 106 cubic yards in volume, to 
the distance of nine miles.” 


Q. What is said of Cotopaxi ? What, of the destructive effects of Mount 
Vesuvius in A.D. 79 ?f (See reference at the bottom.) What, of Etna in 
1669 ? What useful purpose do volcanoes serve ? 

A. They give vent to the internal fires of the earth, and thus' 
prevent the more dangerous phenomena^ of earthquakes. 


* According to the account of Sir William Hamilton. — Ency. Amer, 
t By an eruption of Mount Vesuvious in Italy, in the year A. D. 79, Herculaneum 
iUid Pompeii, two flourislnng cities, and their inhabitants, were completely buried by 
the lava and shower of ashes. In 1669, fourteen towns, and twenty-seveh thousand' 
people were destroyed by an eruption of Mount Etna, in Sicily. The lava formed 
a stream eighteen hundred feet wide and forty deep, after running more than fifteen 
miles to the sea. It resembled a river of liquid fire. 

Phe-nom’e-na, unusual appearances in nature. 



162 


GEOGRAPHY. 


LESSON VII. 

EARTHQUAKES. 



Earthquake at Lisbon. 


il. What is an earthquake ? 

A. A sudden quaking or motion of the earth. 

Q. How far have these motions been felt ? 

A. They have been felt for thousands of miles around. 

Earthquakes are supposed to be sometimes caused by electrical matter^, or 
else inflammable air, pent up within the bowels of the earth, suddenly finding 
vent, and forcing its way through every obstacle.^ 

Q. What number of towns have been suddenly destroyed by them ? 

A. Hundreds of towns, and many thousands of people.f 


* Just before the shock is felt, the sea often swells and roars tremendously ; the 
water grows dark and muddy ; birds and beasts are in consternation, and a rum- 
bling noise, like distant thunder, is heard under ground. 

t In Lvbia, during the reign of Tiberius, one hundred towns were overtlirown. 
In 1775, Lisbon was nearly laid in ruins, and sixty thousand people perished in six 
minutes. 

^ E-lec'trical Mat'-ter, a thin fluid of the nature of lightning. 



163 


WIND, LIGHTNING, ETC. 


LESSON yilL 

WIND, LIGHTNING, SNOW, HAIL, ETC 

Q. What is wind ? 

A. It is air put in motion. 

Wind is caused by the air in one 
I place becoming rarifiedh or made 
' thinner by heat, so that the more 
dense^ and colder air rushes in to 
! fill up the space. 

Q. AVhat are the most violent 
winds called ? 

A. riurricanes, tempests, tor- 
nadoes, gales, storms. 

Q. What are gentle winds call- 
ed? 

A. They are called breezes. 

The velocity^ of a gentle breeze 
is about nine miles an hour ; a brisk 
gale, twenty miles ; a violent, or 
strong wind, sixty miles. 

Q. What do contrary^ winds, meet- 
ing and moving round rapidly, 
Water-spout. form ? 

A. AVliirlwinds on the land, and water-spouts at sea. 

Q. What good effects do winds produce ? 

A. They tend to keep the air pure and cool. 

Q. How are rainbows produced ? 

A. By the sun shining on falling drops of rain. 



^Uar'-i fied, made thinner. ^ Dense, close, compact, thick. 

^ Ve-loc'-i-ty, speed, quick motion, * Con-tra'-ry, opposite, different. 


164 : 


G E O G K A P U Y . 


By blending together properly the colors of the rainbow', all other colors 
may be produced. 

Q. How many and what are the colors of the rainbow ? 

A. Seven, viz : red, orange, yellow, green, bine, indigo, vio- 
let, called the primary colors. 

Some say there are but three primary colors, viz. red, blue, and yellow ; orange 
being a mixture of red and yellow ; green, of blue and yellow ; violet and indigo, 
of blue and red. White surfaces reflect^ all the rays of light, and Z>/arA:surf5\ces 
absorb^ them. White and black are not strictly colors, though commonly so called. 

Q. What are the primary colors ? (See Remark.) What is said of black 
and white ? What is the use of lightning ? 

A. Lightning is useful in cooling and purifying the air. 

Clouds, either with or without lightning, are not very high. They seldom 
rise above the tops of the highest mountains. 

Humboldt, whi'ie ascending the Andes of South America, could see the forked 
lightning darting from the cjouds beneath him, and hear the pealing thunder, 
when all was tranquil, clear, and delightful above and around him. 

Q. AVhat is said of the height of clouds ? What, of the scene witnessed by 
Humboldt from the Andes ? What do watery vapors in the air produce? 
A. They produce rain ; and when frozen, snow and hail. 

Q. What is the state of the air that produces a gray sunrise ? 

A. Full of vapor contiguous (‘ next ’) to the earth, which the 
rising sun soon disperses^ 

Q. What is the state of the air that produces a red sunrise ? 

A. Full of vapor in the upper regions of the air, so that the 
rising sun cannot disperse it. 

The former indicates fair weather, the latter foul ; hence the proverb : — 

" Evening red and morning gray 
Will set the traveller on his way ; 

"But evening gray and morning red 
Will bring down rain upon his head, 

^Re-flect', throw back, return, consider. ^ Ab-sorb', drink or take in, en- 
gross wholly. * Dis-perse', scatter, dispel, banish. 


SEASONS 


165 


LESSON IX. 


SEASONS. 



Tile Earth as it moves in its orbit or path round tlwj sun, causing the change of seasons. 


Q. What causes both day and night at the same place ? (p. 25.) What 
makes our warm seasons and short nights ? (See the cut.) 

A. Tlie shining of tlie sun nearly vertically Q perpendicularly’) 
upon us, and for so long a time, in the twenty-four hours. 

For the same reason fire heats tliose objects most that are directly before ih 



IGG 


GEOGRAPHY. 


Q. What makes our cold seasons and long nights ? 

A. The shining of the sun obliquely (‘ slantingly ’) upon us, 
for so short a time in the twenty-four hours. 

Q. How is the sun made to shine in this manner ? (See cut.) 

A. By the leaning of our northern hemisphere towards it in 
the warm, and from it, in the cold seasons. 

The same is true of the southern hemisphere ; but at different times. Soring 
there answering to Fall here, Summer to Winter, etc. 

Q. What is said of the southern hemisphere ? How can you account for 
these positions of the earth ? 

A. From its revolution round the sun yearly, or once in 
three hundred and sixty-five days, and about six hours. 

Q. What is its path round the sun called ? Its orbit. What is its shape ? 

A. Oval or egg-shaped, commonly called an ellipse. (See cut.) 
Q. What is the rate of the earth’s rotation at the Equator ?* * * § AYhat places 
there have one, two, and four minutes difference in time ?f What is the rate 
N. and S. of the Equator, and why What is the difference of time between 
St. Louis (Mo.) and Washington City (D. C.) Hoes the earth really have 
two revolutions ? 

A. It has, both at the same time — spinning like a top on its 
axis while flying round the sun at the rate of about nineteen 
miles a second ! 

* The rate of the earth’s rotation on its axis, which you know is westward, 
is, at the equator, where the circumference is the greatest, about 17 miles a minute 

f Consequently a place there 17 miles due E. of any other place has 1 minute 
earlier time ; 34 miles, 2 minutes earlier time ; 68 miles, 4 minutes, and so on. 

^ But this rate northerly and southerly from the equator decreases, because, 
the earth’s circumference becomes less and less to the Polar points, where it 
dwindles down to nothing. 

§ Hence we see why a telegraphic dispatch dated at Wasliington City% at 12 
o’clock, M., reaches St. Louis at about 11 o’clock, a, m., i. e. it is noon about one 
hour earlier in Washington City than in St. Louis. 


CIRCLES. 


167 


LESSON X. 


CIRCLES. 


What is the top of the figure call- 
ed!/ (p. 80.) North Pole. What is 
the bottom of the same figure called ? 
(p. 30.) South Pole. 

What line divides the figure into 
two equal parts ? Er. What circle lies 
next north of the Equator ? T-of-Cr. 

What one lies next south of the 
Equator? T-of-Cn. What circle lies 
north of the Tropic of Cancer ? Ac. 

What one lies south of the Tropic 
of Capricorn ? Ac. 

What two circles north of the 
Equator? T-of-Cr. Ac. 

What two circles south of the 
Equator? T-of-Cn. Ac. 

SEE THE MAPS OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN HEMISPHERES, PAGES 80 AND 32. 

Near what ocean does the Arctic Circle pass ? Nn. What grand divisions of 
land does it cross? N-Aa. Ee. Aa. 

What oceans does the Tropic of Cancer cross ? Pc. Ac. What grand divisions 
of land does it cross? N-A. Aa. Aa. What oceans does the Equator cross? Pc. 
Ac. and In. What grand divisions of land does it cross? S-Aa. Aa. 

What archipelago does it cross? Cl.. (See p. 30.) What large islands does 
it cross? Sa. Bo. (p. 32.) What oceans does the Tropic of Capricorn cross? Pc. 
Ac. In. What clusters of islands a little north of it? Fy. Ns. Ms. (p. 30.) 

What large island or continent in the Pacific does it cross? Aa. What large 
island does it touch in the Indian Ocean ? Mr. What island does it nearly touch 
in the Pacific ? N-Ca. Through what ocean does the Antarctic Circle pass ? Sn. 

What newly discovered continent does it touch? Antarctic. What Pole 
south of the Antarctic Circle ? S-Pe. 




168 


GEOGEArilY 


LESSON XI. 


ZONES. 



What are the different parts of this 
figure on the left called? Zones. 

What zone occupies the northern 
part of the figure? Fd. or North 
Frigid. 

What zone occupies the southern 
part? Fd. or South Frigid. 

What zone lies south of the North 
Frigid? Te. or North Temperate. 

What zone lies north of the South 
Frigid? Te. or South Temperate. 

What zone lies between the last 
two ? Td. or Burning Zone. 

What two zones lie north of the 
Torrid? N-Te. and N-Fd. What 
two zones lie south of the Torrid ? 
S-Te. S-Fd. 


SEE THE MAPS OF THE EASTERN AND WESTERN HEMISPHERES, PAGES 80 AND 32 . 

Where does the North Frigid Zone lie ? Between the Arctic Circle and North 
Pole. Where, the South Frigid ? Between the Antartic and South Pole. What 
oceans lie in these zones? N-On. and S-On. What continent lies in the South 
Frigid? A-Ct. 

Where does the South Temperate lie ? Between the Tropic of Capricorn and 
Antarctic Circle. What grand divisions lie partly in this zone? S-Aa. Aa. 
Australia. What capes in it? Hn. G-He. 

Where does the North Temperate lie ? Between the Tropic of Cancer and 
the Arctic Circle. What grand divisions lie partly in this zone? N-Aa. Ee. Aa. 
What oceans lie partly in it? Pc. Ac. 

Where does the Torrid Zone lie? Between the two Tropics. What great circle 
passes through it east and west ? Er. What grand divisions are partly in this 
zone? S-Aa. Aa. Aa. What oceans lie partly in this zone? Pc. Ac. In. What 
three large islands lie wholly in this zone ? N-Ga. Bo. Sa. 


CLIMATE OF DIFFEKENT ZONES. 169 


LESSON XII. 

CLINIATE OF DIFFERENT ZONES. ■ 



The Antarctic Continent, discovered by the United States Exploring Expedition, January 10th, 

1S40, Charles Wilkes, Esq., Commander. 


Q. XYhat do the circles on page one hundred and sixty-seven, denote ? 

A. Imaginary circles quite round the earth. 

These lines are only imaginary or supposed to exist, for convenience sake, 
in marking the different divisions of the earth’s surface. 

Q. What are the names of these circles ? 

A. The Arctic and Antarctic, Tropics and Equator. 

Q. What is the heat or cold, moisture or dryness of any place called ? 

A. It is called climate. 

Q. How is the climate of different places generally ascertained ? 

A. By their distance from the Equator. 


JiiU 


170 


GEOGKAPHY. 


Q. AMiere is the warmest place ? 

A. At the Equator. 

Q. What is meant by the word ‘ Zone V 

A. It means a ‘ girdle,’ ‘ belt,’ or ‘ band.’ 

Q. Why then have the Zones this name ? 

A. Because they pass round the earth as a band. 

Q. Why is the Torrid Zone so called ? 

A. Because it is excessively' hot there. 

Q. Why are the Frigid Zones so called ? 

A. Because it is excessively cold there. 

Q. Why are the Temperate Zones so called ? 

A. Because they are neither very hot nor very cold. 

Q. How many and w^hat are the Zones ? 

A. Five : — One Torrid, two Temperate, and two Frigid. 


LESSON XIII. 

SEASONS, PEODUCTIONS, ANIMALS. 

Q. What are the seasons of the Torrid Zone ? 

A. Two : the wet and the dry. 

Q. What are its most valuable vegetable productions ? 

A. Coftee, tea, sugar-cane, bread-fruit, oranges, spices, etc. 

Q. What are the most noted animals ? 

A. The elephant, camel, rhinoceros^, lion, crocodile, etc. 

Q. Will you describe the inhabitants? 

A. They are dark-colored, passionate, and indolent\ 

Q. What are the seasons of the Frigid Zones ? 

A. A short and warm summer, and a long, cold winter. . 

* Ex-oes'-sive-lt, extremely. * IUii-noc'-e-ros, (Ri-nos'-Be-ros.) * In'-do-i.ent, Ui;y. 


SEASONS, PRODUCTIONS, ANIMALS. 171 


Q. What animals live in the Frigid Zone ? 

A. The white bear, dog, reindeer, sable, ermine, &c. 



Q. What are the seasons of the Temperate Zones ? 

A. Four; Spring, Summer, Autumn or Fall, and Winter. 

Q. What are the chief productions ? 

A. Wheat, rice, maize, cotton, tobacco, grass, fruit. 

Q. What are the most noted wild animals ? 

A. Buffaloes, elks, wolves, bears, panthers, foxes, deer. 

Q. AVhat are some of the domestic and useful animals ? 

A. The horse, ox, sheep, swine. 

Q. Will you describe the inhabitants ? 

A. Generally fair, robust, intelligent, and industrious. 




173 


GEOORAPIIY 


LESSON XIY. 


PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS. 



Q. Do parallels appear from the figure to run N. and S. or E. and 'W'. ? Are 
they greater or less circles than the equator ? 

A. Less ; because, unlike that, they divide the earth’s surface 
into two unequal parts. 

They are called parallels (i. c. equi-distant in all their parts) because they 
are intended to represent circles parallel to the equator and one another. 

Tliough they do not appear ])arallel in the figure, they are made as nearly so 
as the circles of a round body like the earth 'well can be, on a flat surface, as paper. 

Q. AVhy are they called parallels ? (See remark.) Why do they not appear 
exactly parallel ? Do meridians appear from the figure to run N. and S. or 
E. and W. ? Are they all large circles like the equator ? 

A. They are, because like that, they divide the earth’s surface 
into two equal parts. 

Q. What other circles do meridians intersect on the map ? (p. 30.) 

A. The equator and parallels, meeting and crossing each other 
at the Poles. 


LATITUDE. 


173 


Q. Why are meridians so called* ? How are all circles, whether large or 
small, supposed to be divided ? 

A. Into 360^' (degrees), and each degree into 60' (minutes), and 
each minute into 60" (seconds). 

The signs ", over the figures denote the names of their respective divisions. 
Q. How many common miles make a degree of a great circle on the earth ? 
A. About sixty-nine and one sixth ; but a degree of the 
smaller circles is proportionably less. 


LESSON XV. 

LATITUDE. f 

Q. Wliat is any distance N. of the equator called ? 

A. hfortli. latitude ; and S. of it. South latitude. 

Q. Which grand divisions lie wholly N. of the equator, and therefore in N. 
latitude ? N-Aa. Ee. Aa. VYhich mostly in S. latitude ? S-Aa. What 
oceans are partly in both latitudes ? Pc. Ac. In. 

Q. How is latitude measured ? 

A. By degrees on meridian lines ; comprising from the equa- 
tor (where it is 0) to each Pole, 90° ; which together make 
180°, just one half of the circumference of the earth. 

Q. How are different degrees of latitude expressed on the map ? 

A. By figures on the sides, representing degrees, minutes, etc. 
Q. When the figures increase towards the N., what latitude do they show ? 
A. N. latitude ; but towards the S., they show S. latitude. 

QUESTIONS ON MAPS, PAGES 30 AND 32. 

Q. What country of S. America is intersected by the parallel of 10° S. lati- 
tude ? BE AVhat other one found on p. 104? Pu. 

Q,. . Wliat Grand Division of the Eastern Continent does the same parallel 
intersect? Aa. (p. 32.) What oceans does it cross? Pc. Ac. In. Between 
what two large islands does it pass? Aa. N-Ga. 

Q. What Grand Divisions does the parallel of 10° ISTorth latitude intersect? 
N-Aa. Aa. Aa. What oceans? Pc. Ac. AVhat sea? An. 

* Meridians are so called from meridies^ (‘ mid-day’ or ‘ noon ’ ;) for when the sun 
is directly over the meridian of any place, it is noon at that place. 

t Latitude is so called from latitudo^ Z. for ‘ breadth ’ ; because the earth was 
formerly considered longest from east to west. North and south latitude would 
therefore express its breadth. 


174 


GEOGRAPHY. 


Q. What seas on the Eastern Hemisphere in N. latitude? Mn. Cn. Rd. An. 
Bk. Be. What bays in N. latitude on the Western Hemisphere? Bs. Hs. 

Q. What country of America is intersected by the parallel of 40° N. latitude? 
U-Ss. (p. 52.) What ones by the parallel of 20° S. latitude? (p. 104.) Bl. Py. 
Ba. Pu. What islands do vou find (p. 30 and 32) near the parallel of 10° S. 
lat. ? Fy. Ns. Ms. S-Ha. Mr. Ja. N-Ga. N-Hd. 

Q. What Grand Division does the parallel of 50° N. lat. intersect? N-Aa. 
Ee. Aa. What parallels cross both Australia and Africa? On what circle is 
there no latitude? 


Q. What is the distance E. of any given place called ? 

A. East longitude ; and W. of it. West longitude. 

Q. What ocean is in E. longitude from Washington City (U. S.) ? Ac. 
What ocean is in W. longitude from the meridian that passes through Wash- 
ington? Pc. 

Q. From what meridian do most nations reckon longitude ? 

A. From that which runs through their own capital town. 

The United States reckon from Washington City. The English from Green- 
wich, which is so near London, that its meridian on small maps, appears to 
pass through that capital. 

This is called the prime (i. e. first or principal) meridian. 

Q. What is the prime meridian ? (See Remark.) What ocean and Grand 
Divisions lie wholly in W. long, from the meridian of Greenwich or London ? 
Ac. N-Aa. S-Aa. What, wholly in E. longitude ? In. Aa. 

Q. How is longitude measured ? 

A. By degrees on parallel lines ; comprising 180° either E. 
or W. of the prime meridian (where it is 0) ; making together 
just 360 degrees, the entire circumference of the earth. 

Q. How are the different degrees of longitude expressed on the maps ? 

A. By figures placed either on the equator, or at the top and 
bottom. 



LONGITUDE 


* Longitude is so called, from the word longitudo^ ( ‘length ;’) and it was used for this 
purpose, because formerly the earth was supposed to be longest from east to west. 


THE FOOD OF MAN. 


175 


Q. When the figures increase towards the E., what longitude do they denote? 

A. E. longitude ; but towards the W., West longitude. 

Q. How many meridians and parallels can there be ? 

A. There can be at least as many as there are places. 

QUESTIONS ON MAPS, PAGES 30 AND 32. 

Q. Through what Grand Divisions does the meridian of '70'* W. longitude 
from Greenwich pass? N-Aa. Through what cluster of islands ? W-Is. 

Q. Through what oceans and Grand Division does the meridian of 70° E. 
Ion. pass ? Nn. In. Sn. Aa. Is it the meridian of 50° or 60° that passes through 
Arabia and a part of Madagascar ? 

Q. What parallel of latitude crosses our prime meridian near Washington 
(U. S.)? (p. 52.) What cluster of islands and Grand Divisions on the N’n and 
S’n Hemispheres does the above meridian intersect? N-Aa. S-Aa. W-Is. 

What country of America lies mostly between the parallels of 80° and 50® 
N. lat. ? What one between 67° and 125° W. long, from Greenwich? U. S. 


THE FOOD OF MAN, 

AND THE NATIVE COUNTRIES OF OUR MOST FAMILIAR PLANTS. 


THE POTATO. 

1. The Potato is a native of South America, and is still found wild in Chili, 
Peru, Uruguay and Mexico. In its wild state, the root is small and bitter. 
The first mention of it by writers is in 1553 ; it is now spread over the world. 

WHEAT, RYE, OATS, MAIZE, OR INDIAN CORN. 

2. Wheat and Rife originated in Tartary and Siberia, where they are still 
indigenous. The Oat is found wild only in Abyssinia, which may, therefore, 
be considered its native country. Maize^ or Indian Corn, is a native of 
America, from California to Paraguay, and was unknown in Europe, till after 
the discoveries of Columbus. 

THE BREAD FRUIT TREE, COCOA NUT. 

3. The Bread Fruit Tree is a native of the South Sea Islands, or the islands 
of Oceanica, particularly Otaheite, one of the Georgian Cluster, near the Society 
Isles. The Cocoa Nut is a native of most places in the torrid zone, and is one 
of the most valuable trees ; as food, clothing and shelter are afforded by it. 

What is said of the origin of the potato ? 1. What, of it in a wild state ? t . What, of Whea t 
and Rye? 2. The Oat? 2. Maize, or Indian Corn ? 2. What is said of the Bread Fruit Tree ? 
3. The Cocoa Nut? 3. For what is it valuable ? 3. 


176 


GKOGEAPIIY. 


T A , S U G A R - C A N E . 

4. Tea is found a native, nowhere, except in China and Japan, from which 
places nearly the whole world is supplied. 21ie Sugar-Cane is a native of China, 
and the art or manner of making sugar from it, was derived from that country. 

COFFEE. 

5. Coffee is a native of Arabia, but is now spread into both the East and 
West Indies. The best coffee is brought from Mocha in Arabia, whence about 
fourteen millions of pounds are annually exported. St. Domingo, in the West 
Indies, furnishes from forty to fifty millions of pounds yearly. 

THE APPLE AND PEACH. 

6. 7'he Apple in all its varieties, is derived from the crab-tree, which is found 
wild in most parts of the world. The Peach is derived from Persia, where it 
still grows in its natural state, — small, bitter, and without poisonous qualities. 

TOBACCO. 

7. Tobacco is a native of Mexico and South America, and was first introduced 
into England from Tobago, in the West Indies, in 1586, by Ralph Lane. The 
smoking of Tobacco was first discovered by Columbus on the island of Cuba, 
in his first voyage. 

ASPARAGUS, CABBAGE, RICE, ONIONS. 

8. Asparagus was first brought from Asia ; Cabbage and Lettuce from Hol- 
land ; Horse Radish from China ; Rice from Ethiopia ; Beans from the East 
Indies ; Onions and Garlics are natives of various places, both in Asia and Africa. 

THE PEAR AND QUINCE. 

9. The Pear grows wild in Europe, and is now cultivated in all temperate 
climes. It was known to the Greeks and Romans more than 2,000 years ago. 
There are more than two hundred varieties of it. 71ie Quince grows wild in 
Western Asia and some of the neighboring parts of Europe. 

THE CHERRY AND CUCUMBER. 

10. The Cherry is the fruit of the prune or plum kind, the original stock of 
which is the wild cherry. The best kinds are the Ma}^-duke, White-heart, Black 
Tartarian, Honey-heart, and Black-heart cherries. The cherry was first 
brought from the southern shore of Turkey in Asia, above 2,000 years ago. 
The Cucumber contains seventeen different sorts or species. The common 
cucumber is a native of the East Indies. 


What is said of Tea ? 4. The Sugar-cane ? 4. Coffee? 5. The Apple ? 6. The Peach ? 6. 
Tobacco?!. From what places was Asparagus brought? 8. Cabbage and Lettuce ? 8. Horse 
Radish ? 8. Rice ? 8. Beans ? 8. Onions and Garlics ? 8. What is said of the Pear ? 9. 
What, of its varieties? 9. What, of the Quince ? 10. What, of the Cherry? 10. Which are 
the best kinds? 10. What is said of the Cucumber? 10. 


REVIEW QUESTIONS. 


I. Where are the following Grand Divisions ? 

North America?^ It is situated W. of Europe and E. of Asia. 

South America Europe Africa ? Asia ? Oceanica 


New foun dland 
Greenland ? 
Iceland ? 
Melville? 

K. Georges? 

Q. Charlottes ? 
Van Couvers ? 
West Indies ? 
Cuba ? 

Jamaica ? 

Hayti ? 
Caribbee ? 
Florida Keys ?^ 
Mt. Desert?® 


II. Where are the following Islands ? 

?4 It is situated in the A-c., E. of Labrador, in British America. 


Nantucket? Ireland?® 
Martha’s Vin-d. ? Faroe f 
Block Island ? Shetland ? 
Long Island ? Hebrides ? 
Terra-d-Fuego ?’’' Majorca ? 
Falkland? Corsica? 

Georgia ? Sardinia ? 

Trinidad ? Malta ? 
Joannes ? Candia ? 

Felix? Cyprus? 

Juan Fernandes? Niphon ?® 
Cliiloe ? Aleatian ? 

Wellington? Jesso? 


Borneo ? 
Celebes ? 
Sumatra ? 
Malacca ? 
Java? 

Ceylon ? 
Laccadives ? 
Madeira ?^® 
Canary ? 

C. Verde ? 
Ascension ? 
Madagascar ? 
Sandwdeh ?^^ 


Friendly ? 

New Caledonia ? 
New Zevland ? 
Marquesas ? 
Bermuda ? 
Azores ? 
Australia ? 

New Guinea? 
Van Diemen’s L? 
Society 
Philippine ? 
Pelew ? 

Hawaii ? 


III. Where are the following Peninsulas ? 

North America?! It lies between the A-c. and P-c., extending to the N-n 0-n. 
South America ? Alaska ? Spain and Portugal ? Greece ?® Hindostan ? 

California?^ Florida?!^ Norway and Sweden? Africa ?2 Corea? 

Yucatan? Italy?® Kamtschatka ? Arabia?® Sumatra? 


lY. Where are the following Isthmuses ? 


Darien or ^ ^ ^ ) In New Granada, separating the A-c. and P-c. and uniting North 
Panama V' ' ’ ) and South America. Where is the Isthmus of Suez ?® 

V. Where are the folloioing Capes ? 

Farew^ell ?^ It projects into the Atlantic from the south of Greenland ? 

Horn ? St. Lucas ? Cod ? Poque V Verde 

Good Hope P Hatteras ?® Malabar ? Blanco ? St. Mary ? 

Sable?"! Ann?® May?’® North Cape ?® N. East'?® 

YI. Where are the folloioing Mountains? 

Andes V They extend N. and S. along the entire coast of S-li. A-a. 

Mt. Sorata? White Hills ?® Alps? Ural? SnowMts. ? 

Rocky?"! Black Hills?!"! Vesuvius? Himmaleh?® Atlas? 

Cordilleras ? Guadalupe ? Etna ? Altay ? Ararat ?® 

Alleghany ? Pyrenees ?® Balkan ? Mts. Moon ?!® Taurus ? 


1-see page 30. 2-p-32. 3-p-142 : — in the P-c. comprising most of its islands. 4-p-52. 


{>-p-5S. 6-p-C6. 7-p-104. 8-P-112. 9-p-128. lO-p-186. ll-p-142. 12-p-80. 

13-p-7L 14-p~S8. ^ 


178 


GEOGRAPHY 


VII. Where are the following Oceans ? 

Atlantic?^* .... It is situated E. of America and W. of E-c and A-a. 

Pacific Indian Northern?^ Southern? 

VIII. Where are the following Seas ? 

Mediterranean?® Between Europe and Africa, projecting E. from the A-c. 
Caribbean?^ Black? White? Yellow? Red? 

Baltic?® Marmora? Arabian?® China? Aral? 

North Sea? Caspian? Okhotsk? Japan? Azov? 

IX. Where are the following Gulfs and Bays ? 

G. Mexico ?^ .... It is situated S. of the United States and E. of Mexico. 

G. California? G. Venice ? G. Siam ?® B. Baffin’s ? B. Penobscot ?® 

G. Guina?^® G. Bothnia ? G. Persian? B. Chesapeake ?®B.Passamaquod- 

G. Taranto ?® G. Finland ? B. Hudson’s ?^ B. Bengal ?® B. Biscay ?® [dy ? 

X. Where are the following Straits and Sounds? 

Bhering’s ?^. ... It separates N-h A-a from A-a and unites the P-c and N-n-0. 
Magellan V Hudson’s ? Babelmandel ?^® Mozambique Channel ?^° 

Davis ?^ Gibraltar ?® Cook’s ?^^ Long Island Sound ?® 

XI. Where are the following Lakes ? 

Ontario It is situated between Canada W-t and the State of N-Y-k. 

Erie ? Huron ? Michigan ? Slave ? Onega ?® 

St. Clair Superior? Winnipeg?* Titacaca?’’^ Ladoga? 

XII. Where are the following Bivers ? 

Mississippi ?*. . . In the U. S. flowing S. through the central part into the G-M-o. 
Missouri ? St. Lawrence ? Alleghany ? Ural ?® Loire ? 

Red? Delaware?^® Wabash?* Volga? Hoang Ho?® 

R-d-Norte ? Susquehanna? Tennessee? Don? Amour ? 

Penobscot?® Potomac? Amazon?’’^ Kana? Nile ?^® 

Kennebec? Monongahela? Madeira? Dnieper? Niger? 

Connecticut? Ohio?^* Rio-d-l-Plata ? Dwina? Congo? 

Hudson ?^® 

XIII. Where are the following Bepublics ^ 

United States ?* They occupy the middle division of North America. 

Mexico ? Venezuela V Bolivia ? Buenos Ayres ? Sw'itzerland ?® 

Yucatan? New Grenada? Peru? Uruguay? Liberia?^® 

Guatimaia ? Ecuador ? Chili ? Paraguay ? 

XIV. Where are the following Kingdoms ? 

Great Britain?^® Belgium? Prussia? Sweden? Spain? Greece? 

Holland? Denmark? Portugal ?v Norway? Hanover? 


* See 1 last page. 15-p-S6. 16-p-112 : — comprising England, Scotland, and Wales. 




REVIEW QUESTIONS. 


179 


Brazil V 
Hayti 


XV. Where are the following Empires ? 

Austria?® Birmali?® France?® Persia?® 

Turkey? China? Russia? Morocco?^® 


XVI. Where are the following Countries ? 


Brit. America ?^ 
Russian Poss. ? 
W. Indies? 
Guiana V 
Patagonia ? 


Italy ?® Arabia ? 

Germany ? Hindostan ? 

Turkey in A-a ?® Circassia? 
Siberia ? Georgia ? 

Tartary ? Egypt ? 


Nubia ? 
Barbary ? 
Great Desert ? 
Senegambia ? 
Guinea ? 


Soudan ? 
Ethiopia ? 
Lower Guinea? 
Abyssinia ? 
Zimbebas ? 


Repeat the foregoing Republics ; — also the Kingdoms — Empires — Countries ? 


XVII. Bound the following States ? 


Maine ?® New York ?^® 

N. Hampshire ? New Jersey? 
Vermont? Pennsylvania? 

Massachusetts ? Delaware ? 
Rhode Island ? Maryland ? 
Connecticut ? Virginia ?^2 


N orth Carolina ? Louisiana ? Kentucky ? 

South Carolina? Texas ?^^ Iow'a?^^Ohio? 


Georgia? 
Florida ? 
Alabama ? 
Mississippi ? 


Arkansas ?^® 
Missouri ? 

• California ? 
Tennessee ? 


Indiana ? 
Illinois ? 
Michigan ? 
"Wisconsin? 


Bound the following Territories ? 

New Mexico ?i^ Kansas? Utah? AVashington? Dist. Columbia 

Indian? Nebraska? Minnesota? Oregon? 

Which are the Eastern States ? The Middle ?18 Southern ?^® Western ?^o Terri- 
tories ?!■* 


Augusta ?6 . . 
Concord ? 
Boston ? 
Providence ? 
Newport ? 
Hartford ? 
New Haven? 
Montpelier ? 


XVIII. are the following Capitals ? 


. The capital of M-e in the southern part, on the K-c K. 

Albany? Columbia? Austin ?^4 Frankfort? 

Milledgeville ? Iowa City Columbus ? 

Tallahassee ? Little Rock ? Indianapolis ? 
Montgomery? Jefferson City ? Springfield? 
Jackson ? , Sacramento O’y ? Lansing ? 
Baton Rouge? Nashville? Madison? 


Trenton ? 
Harrisburg ? 
Dover ? 
Annapolis ? 
Richmond ?12 
Raleigh ? 


Q. Which of the above towns are the capitals of the Eastern States ? Of the 
Middle? Southern? AVestern? Which state ranks as the first in population? 
N-Yk. : — (over 3 m.^i) AVhich, as the last? F-a. AA^hich, as the least in extent ? 
R. I.‘ AVhich, as the first? T-s : — ha^dng territory enough to make about 182 
states, each of the size of Rhode Island. Which, as the second in extent? C-a: — 
being about one third less than Texas, and nearly four times as large as any other 
state. AVhich, as the second in population ? P-a: — (over 2-|- m.) The third? O-o: — 
(nearly 2 m.) Fourth ? V-a. : — (nearly 1 m.) Fifth ? T-e (over 1 m.) 


17-P-68. 18-p-76. 19-p-82. 20-p-90. 21-Over 3 millions of inhabitants. 


I 


^ . 


180 


GEOGRAPHY 


Wasli’tn Oity ?i3 
Mexico ?4 
St. Salvador ? 
Quebec ? 
Havana ?s 
Caraecas V 
Bogota ? 
Cayenne ? 
Paramaribo ? 


Rio J aneiro ? 
Montevideo ? 
Santiago ? 
Buenos Ayres ? 
Assumption ? 
Cliuquisica ? 
Lima ^ 


Paris ? 

Vienna ? 

Rome ? 

Berlin ? 

Lisbon ? 

Madrid ? 
Constantinople ? 


St. Petersburof Brussels ? 


London ? 


Stockholm ? 


Christiana ? 
Berne ? 
Hanover ? 
Athens ? 
Hague ? 
Copenhagen ? 
Pekin ?9 
Calcutta ? 
Jeddo ? 


of-C. 

Mecca? (5 . 

Teheran ? 

Cabul? 

Bokhara ? 

Hue ? 

Ava ? 

Tobolsk ? 

Cairo 

Sydney 


XIX. are the following Towns ? 


Bangor ?® 
Portland ? 
Salem ? 
Charlesto’wn ? 
Springfield ? 
Brooklyn ?13 
Buffalo ? 
Rochester ? 
Troy ? 
Syracuse ? 
l/tica ? 
Oswego ? 
Newark ? 


Philadelphia ? 
Iffttsburg ? 
'Wilmington ?12 
Baltimore ?i3 
Norfolk?! '2 
Wheeling ? 
Charleston ? 
Savannah ? 
Mobile ? 

New Orleans ? 
Memphis ?!» 
Nashville ? 
Louisville ? 


Cincinnati ? 
Madison ? 
Chicago ? 
Detroit ? 

St. Louis ? 
Milwaukee ? 

Schenectady ?!3 
Nashua ?6 
Burlington ? 


Oregon City? 
Montreal ? 
Kingston ? 
Toronto? 
Puebla ?-i 
Popayan ?■! 
Guayaquil ? 
La Paz? 
Bahia ? 


Havre ? 

Malaga? 

Moscow? 

W' arsaw ? 
Astrakhan? 
Florence ? 
Tobolsk ?^ 
Nankin? 
Jesso? 
Canton? 
Mosul ? 
Batavia?!! 
Thebes ?io 


Georgetown ?!3 Pernambuco? 
St. Augustine Mendoza? 
Tuscaloosa ? Edinburgh ?8 

Monterev ?!4 Dublin? 


XX. Travels on the Map. 


"What course would you take — through what states or countries — and over what 
large rivers or other waters, to pass from : — 


Boston to New York?3 
Thence to Albany ?!3 
Thence to Augusta ?3 
Tlience to Burlington ? 
Thence to Buffalo ?!3 
Thence to Cincinnati ?!s 
Thence to Detroit ? 
Thence to Madison? 
Thenee to Oregon ?!4 
Thence to San Francisco? 
Thence to St. Louis ? 
Thence to Austin? 
Thenee to New Orleans? 
Tlience to Mobile? 
Thence to Charleston? 
Thenee to Richmond ? 


Thence to Philadelphia? 
Thence to Saratoga ?!3 
Thence to Newport ?® 
Thence to Cuba? 

Thence to Rio Janeiro?'! 
Thence to Santiago ? 
Thenee to Quito ? 

Thence to Darien Isth? 
Thence to New York?4 
Thence to London ?8 
Thence to Paris 
Thenee to Lisbon? 

Thence to Rome ? 

Thence to Constantinople? 
Tlience to Vienna ? 

Thence to Stockholm? 


Thence to St. Petersburg? 
Thence to Liberia?!*! 
Thence to Pekin ?» 

Thence to Jeddo? 

Thence to Calcutta? 
Thence to Cairo? 

Thence to Morocco ?!o 
Thence to Great Desert? 
Thence to Thebes ? 
Thence to Cape Colon} ? 
Thence to Australia ?‘-^ 
Thence to Sumatra ?3 
Thence to Batavia? 
Thence to Hawaii ? 
Thence to California?! 
Thence to Boston? 


22-P-142 : — the Cap. of the B-h Colony in New South Wales. 



f 





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